三、调查方法
常用的调查方法有普查、抽样调查、典型调查、病例对照研究和定群研究。现分述如下:
(一)普查(全面调查)
是对被研究对象中的所有观察单位进行调查。如人口普查。普查是对被研究事物在某一时点的状态所进行的一种全面调查。一般说,普查资料的指标细,准确性高,内容丰富,理论上只有普查才能取得总体参数,没有抽样误差,但有时非抽样误差较大。
(二)抽样调查
是一种非全面调查,它是从总体中抽取一定数量的观察单位组成样本, 然后用样本推论总体,用样本指标来估计总体参数。非全面调查是对被研究对象中的部分观察单位进行调查,如为了研究学生的健康状况,可以对一定数量的部分学生进行调查。
(三)典型调查(案例调查)
是在对事物作全面分析的基础上,有目的地选定典型单位进行调查。如调查一个或几个先进或后进单位,用以总结经验教训。典型调查的关键是选择典型单位,典型单位是指客观存在的,对同类事物的特征表现得最充分、最完整的单位。
(四)病例对照研究(回顾性研究)
是比较患某病者与未患该病者暴露于某可能危险因素的百分比差异,分析这些因素是否与该病存在联系。病例对照研究是研究对象(如发病、死亡) 发生之后,用回顾访查方法比较暴露组和未暴露组的发病率或死亡率,是“从果推因”的研究方法。
(五)定群研究(队列研究、前瞻性研究)
是将特定人群分为暴露于某因素与非暴露某因素或不同暴露水平的两组。追踪观察一定时间,比较两组的结果,是一种“从因到果”的研究方法。
在实际工作中,往往既要了解总体参数,又要确定相关关系,因此常将上述几种方法结合起来应用。例如要了解某地肝癌死亡率,既可通过普查得
知该地居民肝癌发病真实水平,又可通过抽样调查估计该地肝癌的死亡率。若对肝癌患者作病例对照研究,可能发现可疑致病因素。这种相关关系,还可进一步用定群研究来验证,但是因果关系的确定还有待于实验研究的证实。
表 12-1 随机数字表
编号 |
1 ~ 10 |
11 ~ 20 |
21 ~ 30 |
31 ~ 40 |
41 ~ 50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
22 17 68 65 81 |
68 95 23 92 35 |
8702225751 |
6109439506 |
5824820347 |
2 |
19 36 27 59 46 |
13 79 93 37 55 |
3977327709 |
8552053062 |
4783516274 |
3 |
16 77 23 02 77 |
09 61 87 25 21 |
28 06 24 25 93 |
16 71 13 59 78 |
23 05 47 47 25 |
4 |
78 43 76 71 61 |
20 44 90 32 64 |
97 67 63 99 61 |
46 38 03 93 22 |
69 81 21 99 21 |
5 |
03 28 28 26 08 |
73 37 32 04 05 |
69 30 16 09 05 |
88 69 58 28 99 |
35 07 44 75 47 |
6 |
93 22 53 64 39 |
07 10 63 76 35 |
87 06 04 79 88 |
08 13 13 85 51 |
55 34 57 72 69 |
7 |
78 76 58 54 74 |
92 38 70 96 92 |
52 06 79 79 45 |
82 63 18 27 44 |
69 66 92 19 09 |
8 |
23 68 35 26 00 |
99 53 93 61 28 |
52 70 05 48 34 |
56 65 05 61 86 |
90 92 10 70 80 |
9 |
15 39 25 70 99 |
93 86 52 77 65 |
15 33 59 05 28 |
22 87 26 07 47 |
86 96 98 29 06 |
10 |
58 71 96 30 24 |
18 46 23 34 27 |
85 13 99 24 44 |
49 18 09 79 49 |
74 16 32 23 02 |
11 |
57 35 27 33 72 |
24 53 63 94 09 |
41 10 76 47 91 |
44 04 95 49 66 |
39 60 04 59 81 |
12 |
48 50 86 54 48 |
22 06 34 72 52 |
82 21 15 65 20 |
33 29 94 74 11 |
15 91 29 12 03 |
13 |
61 96 48 85 03 |
07 16 39 33 66 |
98 56 10 56 79 |
77 21 30 27 12 |
90 49 22 23 62 |
14 |
36 93 89 41 26 |
29 70 83 63 51 |
99 74 20 52 36 |
87 09 41 15 09 |
89 60 16 03 03 |
15 |
18 87 00 42 31 |
57 90 12 02 07 |
23 47 37 17 31 |
54 08 01 88 63 |
39 41 88 92 10 |
16 |
88 56 53 27 59 |
33 35 72 67 47 |
77 34 55 45 70 |
08 18 27 38 90 |
16 95 86 70 75 |
17 |
09 72 95 84 29 |
47 41 31 06 70 |
42 38 06 45 18 |
64 84 73 31 65 |
52 53 37 97 15 |
18 |
12 96 88 17 31 |
65 19 69 02 83 |
60 75 86 90 68 |
24 64 19 35 51 |
56 61 87 39 12 |
19 |
85 94 57 24 16 |
92 09 84 38 76 |
22 00 27 69 85 |
29 84 94 78 70 |
21 94 47 90 12 |
20 |
38 64 43 59 98 |
98 77 87 68 07 |
91 51 67 62 44 |
40 98 05 93 78 |
23 32 65 41 18 |
21 |
53 44 09 42 72 |
00 41 86 79 79 |
68 47 22 00 20 |
35 55 31 51 51 |
00 83 63 22 55 |
22 |
40 76 66 26 84 |
57 99 99 90 37 |
36 63 32 08 58 |
37 40 13 68 97 |
87 64 81 07 83 |
23 |
02 17 79 48 05 |
12 59 52 57 02 |
22 07 99 47 03 |
28 14 11 30 79 |
20 69 22 40 98 |
24 |
95 17 82 06 53 |
31 51 10 96 46 |
92 06 88 07 77 |
56 11 50 81 69 |
40 23 72 51 39 |
25 |
35 76 22 42 92 |
96 11 83 44 80 |
34 68 35 47 77 |
33 42 40 90 60 |
73 96 53 97 86 |
26 |
26 29 13 56 41 |
85 47 04 66 08 |
34 72 57 59 13 |
82 43 80 46 15 |
38 26 61 70 04 |
27 |
77 80 20 75 82 |
72 82 32 99 90 |
63 95 73 76 63 |
89 73 44 99 05 |
48 67 26 43 18 |
28 |
46 40 66 44 52 |
91 36 74 43 53 |
30 82 13 54 00 |
78 45 63 98 35 |
55 03 36 67 68 |
29 |
37 56 08 18 09 |
77 53 84 46 47 |
31 91 18 95 58 |
24 16 74 11 53 |
44 10 13 85 57 |
30 |
61 65 61 68 66 |
37 27 47 39 19 |
84 83 70 07 48 |
53 21 40 06 71 |
95 06 79 88 54 |
31 |
93 43 69 64 07 |
34 18 04 52 35 |
56 27 09 24 86 |
61 85 53 83 45 |
19 90 70 99 00 |
32 |
21 96 60 12 99 |
11 20 99 45 18 |
48 13 93 55 34 |
18 37 79 49 90 |
65 97 38 20 46 |
33 |
95 20 47 97 97 |
27 37 83 28 71 |
00 06 41 41 74 |
45 89 09 39 84 |
51 67 11 52 49 |
34 |
97 86 21 78 73 |
10 65 81 92 59 |
58 76 17 14 97 |
04 76 62 16 47 |
17 95 70 45 80 |
35 |
69 92 06 34 13 |
59 71 74 17 32 |
27 55 10 24 19 |
23 71 82 13 74 |
63 52 52 01 41 |
36 |
04 31 17 21 56 |
33 73 99 19 87 |
26 72 39 27 67 |
53 77 57 68 93 |
60 61 97 22 61 |
37 |
61 06 98 03 91 |
87 14 77 43 96 |
43 00 65 98 50 |
45 60 33 01 07 |
98 99 46 50 47 |
38 |
85 93 85 86 88 |
72 87 08 62 40 |
16 06 10 89 20 |
23 21 34 74 97 |
76 38 03 29 63 |
39 |
21 74 32 47 45 |
73 96 07 94 52 |
09 65 90 77 47 |
25 76 16 19 33 |
53 05 70 53 30 |
40 |
15 69 53 82 80 |
79 96 23 53 10 |
65 39 07 16 29 |
45 33 02 43 70 |
02 87 40 41 45 |
41 |
02 89 08 04 49 |
20 21 14 68 86 |
87 63 93 95 17 |
11 29 01 95 80 |
35 14 97 35 33 |
42 |
87 18 15 89 79 |
85 43 01 72 73 |
08 61 74 51 69 |
89 74 39 82 15 |
94 51 33 41 67 |
43 |
98 83 71 94 22 |
59 97 50 99 52 |
08 52 85 08 40 |
87 80 61 65 31 |
91 51 80 32 44 |
44 |
10 08 58 21 66 |
72 68 49 29 31 |
89 85 84 46 06 |
59 73 19 85 23 |
65 09 29 75 63 |
45 |
17 90 56 10 08 |
88 02 84 27 83 |
42 29 72 23 19 |
66 56 45 65 79 |
20 71 53 20 25 |
46 |
22 85 61 68 90 |
49 64 92 85 44 |
16 40 12 89 88 |
50 14 49 81 06 |
01 82 77 45 12 |
47 |
67 80 43 79 33 |
12 83 11 41 16 |
25 58 19 68 70 |
77 02 54 00 52 |
53 43 37 15 26 |
48 |
27 62 50 96 72 |
79 44 61 40 15 |
14 53 40 65 39 |
27 31 58 50 28 |
11 39 03 34 25 |
49 |
33 78 80 87 15 |
38 30 06 38 21 |
14 47 47 07 26 |
54 96 87 53 32 |
40 36 40 96 76 |
50 |
13 13 92 66 99 |
47 24 49 57 74 |
32 25 43 62 17 |
10 97 11 69 84 |
99 63 22 32 98 |
表 12 - 2 随机排列表( n=20 )
编号 |
1 | 2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 | 9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
8 | 6 |
19 |
13 |
5 |
18 |
12 |
1 | 4 | 3 |
9 |
2 |
17 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
16 |
15 |
10 |
0 |
2 |
8 |
19 |
7 |
6 |
11 |
14 |
2 |
13 |
5 |
17 |
9 |
12 |
0 |
16 |
15 |
1 |
4 |
10 |
18 |
3 |
3 |
18 |
1 |
10 |
13 |
17 |
2 |
0 |
3 | 8 |
15 |
7 |
4 |
19 |
12 |
5 | 14 |
9 |
11 |
6 |
16 |
4 |
6 |
19 |
1 |
5 |
18 |
12 |
4 |
0 |
13 |
10 |
16 |
17 |
7 |
14 |
11 |
15 |
8 |
3 | 9 | 2 |
5 |
1 | 2 |
7 |
4 |
18 |
0 |
15 |
13 |
5 |
12 |
19 |
10 |
9 |
14 |
16 |
8 |
6 |
11 |
3 |
17 |
6 |
11 |
19 |
2 |
15 |
14 |
10 |
8 |
12 |
1 |
17 |
4 |
3 |
0 | 9 |
16 |
6 |
13 |
7 |
18 |
5 |
7 |
14 |
3 |
16 |
7 |
9 |
2 |
15 |
12 |
11 |
4 |
13 |
19 |
8 | 1 |
18 |
6 |
0 |
5 |
17 |
10 |
8 |
3 | 2 |
16 |
6 |
1 |
13 |
17 |
19 |
8 |
14 |
0 |
15 |
9 |
18 |
11 |
5 |
4 |
10 |
7 |
12 |
9 |
16 |
9 |
10 |
3 |
15 |
0 |
11 |
2 | 1 | 5 |
18 |
8 |
19 |
13 |
6 | 12 |
17 |
4 | 7 |
14 |
10 |
4 |
11 |
18 |
6 |
0 |
8 |
12 |
16 |
17 |
3 |
2 |
9 |
5 | 7 |
19 |
10 |
15 |
13 |
14 |
1 |
11 |
5 |
15 |
18 |
13 |
7 |
3 |
10 |
14 |
16 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
17 |
6 | 9 | 4 |
0 |
12 |
19 |
11 |
12 |
0 |
18 |
10 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
3 |
13 |
14 |
1 |
17 |
2 |
6 | 9 |
16 |
4 |
7 |
8 |
19 |
5 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
14 |
18 |
12 |
17 |
15 |
3 | 5 | 2 |
11 |
19 |
8 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
9 |
13 |
0 |
14 |
12 |
18 |
7 | 2 |
10 |
4 |
17 |
19 |
6 | 5 | 8 |
3 |
15 |
1 |
16 |
15 |
17 |
1 |
0 |
16 |
9 |
12 |
2 |
4 | 5 |
18 |
14 |
15 |
7 |
19 |
6 | 8 |
11 |
3 |
10 |
13 |
16 |
17 |
1 |
5 |
2 |
8 |
12 |
15 |
13 |
19 |
14 |
7 |
16 |
6 | 3 | 9 | 10 |
4 |
11 |
0 |
18 |
17 |
5 |
16 |
15 |
7 |
18 |
10 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
6 |
13 |
17 |
14 |
1 | 0 | 4 |
3 |
2 |
19 |
8 |
18 |
16 |
19 |
0 |
8 |
6 |
10 |
13 |
17 |
4 | 3 |
15 |
18 |
11 |
1 |
12 |
9 |
5 |
7 | 2 |
14 |
19 |
13 |
9 |
17 |
12 |
15 |
4 |
3 |
1 |
16 |
2 |
10 |
18 |
8 | 6 | 7 | 19 |
14 |
11 |
0 | 5 |
20 |
11 |
12 |
8 |
16 |
3 |
19 |
14 |
7 | 9 | 7 |
4 |
1 |
10 |
0 |
18 |
15 |
6 |
5 |
13 |
2 |
21 |
19 |
12 |
13 |
8 |
4 |
15 |
16 |
7 | 0 |
11 |
1 |
5 |
14 |
18 |
3 | 6 |
10 |
9 | 2 |
17 |
22 |
2 |
18 |
8 |
14 |
6 |
11 |
1 |
9 |
15 |
0 |
17 |
10 |
4 | 7 |
13 |
3 |
12 |
5 |
16 |
19 |
23 |
9 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
2 | 4 |
10 |
0 |
13 |
8 | 3 |
14 |
15 |
6 |
11 |
1 |
19 |
24 |
15 |
0 |
14 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
8 |
18 |
4 |
10 |
17 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
11 |
19 |
13 |
7 | 5 |
25 14 0 9 18 19 16 10 4 5 1 6 2 12 3 11 13 7 8 17 15
表 12 - 3 配对比较( t 检验)时所需样本含量
δ ( ) |
单侧:α=0.005 双侧:α=0.01 |
α=0.01 α=0.02 |
α=0.025 α=0.05 |
α=0.05 α=0.1 |
δ ) σ |
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ 1-β= 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.9 |
0.95 0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 |
0.5 0.99 0.95 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 | ||||||||||||||
0.05 |
0.05 |
||||||||||||||||||||
0.10 |
0.10 |
||||||||||||||||||||
0.15 |
122 |
0.15 |
|||||||||||||||||||
0.20 |
139 |
99 |
70 |
0.20 |
|||||||||||||||||
0.25 |
110 |
90 |
128 |
64 |
139 |
101 |
45 |
0.25 |
|||||||||||||
0.30 |
134 |
78 |
115 |
63 |
119 |
90 |
45 |
122 |
97 |
71 |
32 |
0.30 |
|||||||||
0.35 |
125 |
99 |
58 |
109 |
85 |
47 |
109 |
88 |
67 |
34 |
90 |
72 |
52 |
24 |
0.35 |
||||||
0.40 |
115 |
97 |
77 |
45 |
101 |
85 |
66 |
37 |
117 |
84 |
68 |
51 |
26 |
101 |
70 |
55 |
40 |
19 |
0.40 |
||
0.45 |
92 |
77 |
62 |
37 |
110 |
81 |
68 |
53 |
30 |
93 |
67 |
54 |
41 |
21 |
80 |
55 |
44 |
33 |
15 |
0.45 |
|
0.50 |
100 |
75 |
63 |
51 |
30 |
90 |
66 |
55 |
43 |
25 |
76 |
54 |
44 |
34 |
18 |
65 |
45 |
36 |
27 |
13 |
0.50 |
0.55 |
83 |
63 |
53 |
42 |
26 |
75 |
55 |
46 |
36 |
21 |
63 |
45 |
37 |
28 |
15 |
54 |
38 |
30 |
22 |
11 |
0.55 |
0.60 |
71 |
53 |
45 |
36 |
22 |
63 |
47 |
39 |
31 |
18 |
53 |
38 |
32 |
24 |
13 |
46 |
32 |
26 |
19 |
9 |
0.60 |
0.65 |
61 |
46 |
39 |
31 |
20 |
55 |
41 |
34 |
27 |
16 |
46 |
33 |
27 |
21 |
1 |
39 |
28 |
22 |
17 |
8 |
0.65 |
0.70 |
53 |
40 |
34 |
28 |
17 |
47 |
35 |
30 |
24 |
14 |
40 |
29 |
24 |
19 |
10 |
34 |
24 |
19 |
15 |
8 |
0.70 |
0375 |
47 |
36 |
30 |
25 |
16 |
45 |
31 |
27 |
21 |
13 |
35 |
26 |
21 |
16 |
9 |
30 |
21 |
17 |
13 |
7 |
0.75 |
0.80 |
41 |
32 |
27 |
22 |
14 |
37 |
28 |
24 |
19 |
12 |
31 |
22 |
19 |
15 |
9 |
27 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
6 |
0.80 |
0.85 |
37 |
29 |
24 |
20 |
13 |
33 |
25 |
21 |
17 |
11 |
28 |
21 |
17 |
13 |
8 |
24 |
17 |
14 |
11 |
6 |
0.85 |
0.90 |
34 |
26 |
22 |
18 |
12 |
29 |
23 |
19 |
16 |
10 |
25 |
19 |
16 |
12 |
7 |
21 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
5 |
0.90 |
0.95 |
31 |
24 |
20 |
17 |
11 |
27 |
21 |
18 |
14 |
9 |
23 |
17 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
19 |
14 |
11 |
9 | 5 |
0.95 |
1.00 |
28 |
22 |
19 |
16 |
10 |
25 |
19 |
16 |
13 |
9 |
21 |
16 |
13 |
10 |
6 |
18 |
13 |
11 |
8 | 5 |
1.00 |
续 表
表 12 - 3 配对比较( t 检验)时所需样本含量
单侧:α=0.005 δ 双侧:α=0.01 ( ) σ |
α=0.01 α=0.02 |
α=0.025 α=0.05 |
α=0.05 α=0.1 |
δ ) σ |
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-β= 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 |
0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 0.99 0.95 |
0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||
1.1 |
24 |
19 |
16 |
14 |
9 |
21 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
8 |
718 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
6 |
15 |
11 |
9 | 7 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
21 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
8 |
18 |
14 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
13 |
10 |
8 | 6 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
18 |
15 |
13 |
11 |
8 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
6 |
14 |
10 |
9 | 7 |
11 |
8 | 7 | 6 |
1.3 |
|
1.4 |
16 |
13 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
414 |
11 |
10 |
9 |
6 |
12 |
9 | 8 | 7 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 5 |
1.4 |
|
1.5 |
15 |
12 |
11 |
9 | 7 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
6 |
11 |
8 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
1.5 |
||
1.6 |
13 |
11 |
10 |
8 | 6 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
7 |
5 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 6 |
1.6 |
||
1.7 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
8 | 6 |
11 |
9 | 8 |
7 |
9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
1.7 |
|||
1.8 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
8 | 6 |
10 |
8 | 7 |
7 |
8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
1.8 |
|||||
1.9 |
11 |
9 |
8 |
7 | 6 |
10 |
8 | 7 |
6 |
8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 |
1.9 |
|||||
2.0 |
10 |
8 |
8 |
7 | 5 |
9 |
7 | 7 |
6 |
7 | 6 | 5 | 6 |
2.0 |
||||||
2.1 |
10 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
8 |
7 | 6 |
6 |
7 | 6 | 6 |
2.1 |
||||||||
2.2 |
9 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
7 | 6 |
5 |
7 | 6 | 6 |
2.2 |
||||||||
2.3 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
2.3 |
|||||||||
2.4 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
6 | 6 | 6 |
2.4 |
|||||||||||
2.5 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
7 |
6 | 6 | 6 |
2.5 |
|||||||||||
3.0 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
5 | 5 | 5 |
3.0 |
|||||||||||
3.5 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
3.5 |
|||||||||||||||
4.0 |
6 |
4.0 |
表 12 - 4 两样本均数比较( t 检验)时所需样本含量
单侧:α=0.005
δ 双侧:α=0.01
( )
σ
α=0.01
α=0.02
α=0.025
α=0.05
α=0.05 δ )
α=0.1 σ
1-β= 0.99 0.950.9 0.8 0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.5
0.05 |
0.05 |
||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.10 |
0.10 |
||||||||||||||||||||
0.15 |
0.15 |
||||||||||||||||||||
0.20 |
137 |
0.20 |
|||||||||||||||||||
0.25 |
124 |
88 |
0.25 |
||||||||||||||||||
0.30 |
123 |
87 |
61 |
0.30 |
|||||||||||||||||
0.35 |
110 |
90 |
64 |
102 | 45 |
0.35 |
|||||||||||||||
0.40 |
85 |
70 |
100 |
50 |
108 |
78 |
35 |
0.40 |
|||||||||||||
0.45 |
118 |
68 |
101 |
55 |
105 |
79 |
39 |
108 |
86 |
62 |
28 | ||||||||||
0.50 |
96 |
55 |
106 |
82 |
45 |
106 |
86 |
64 |
32 |
88 |
70 |
51 |
23 |
0.50 |
|||||||
0.55 |
101 |
79 |
46 |
106 |
88 |
68 |
38 |
87 |
71 |
53 |
27 |
112 |
73 |
58 |
42 |
19 |
0.55 |
||||
0.60 |
101 |
85 |
67 |
39 |
90 |
74 |
58 |
32 |
104 |
74 |
60 |
45 |
23 |
89 |
61 |
49 |
36 |
16 |
0.60 |
||
0.65 |
87 |
73 |
57 |
34 |
104 |
77 |
64 |
49 |
27 |
88 |
63 |
51 |
39 |
20 |
76 |
52 |
42 |
30 |
14 |
0.65 |
|
0.70 |
100 |
75 |
63 |
50 |
29 |
90 |
66 |
55 |
43 |
24 |
76 |
55 |
44 |
34 |
17 |
66 |
45 |
36 |
26 |
12 |
0.70 |
0.75 |
88 |
66 |
55 |
44 |
26 |
79 |
58 |
48 |
38 |
21 |
67 |
48 |
39 |
29 |
15 |
57 |
40 |
32 |
23 |
11 |
0.75 |
0.80 |
77 |
58 |
49 |
39 |
23 |
70 |
51 |
43 |
33 |
19 |
59 |
42 |
34 |
26 |
14 |
50 |
35 |
28 |
21 |
10 |
0.80 |
0.85 |
69 |
51 |
43 |
35 |
21 |
62 |
46 |
38 |
30 |
17 |
52 |
37 |
31 |
23 |
12 |
45 |
31 |
25 |
18 |
9 |
0.85 |
0.90 |
62 |
46 |
39 |
631 |
19 |
55 |
41 |
34 |
27 |
15 |
47 |
34 |
27 |
21 |
11 |
40 |
28 |
22 |
16 |
8 |
0.90 |
0.95 |
55 |
42 |
35 |
28 |
17 |
50 |
37 |
31 |
24 |
14 |
42 |
30 |
25 |
19 |
10 |
36 |
25 |
20 |
15 |
7 |
0.95 |
1.00 |
50 |
38 |
32 |
26 |
15 |
45 |
33 |
28 |
22 |
13 |
38 |
27 |
23 |
17 |
9 |
33 |
23 |
18 |
14 |
7 |
1.00 |
续表
表 12-4 两样本均数比较( t 检验)时所需样本含量
单侧:α=0.005
δ 双侧:α=0.01
( )
α=0.01
α=0.02
α=0.025
α=0.05
α=0.05 δ )
α=0.1 σ
1.1 |
42 |
32 |
27 |
22 |
13 |
38 |
28 |
3 |
19 |
11 |
32 |
23 |
19 |
14 |
8 |
27 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
6 |
1.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.2 |
36 |
27 |
23 |
18 |
11 |
32 |
24 |
20 |
16 |
9 |
27 |
20 |
16 |
12 |
7 |
23 |
16 |
13 |
10 |
5 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
31 |
23 |
20 |
16 |
10 |
28 |
21 |
17 |
14 |
8 |
23 |
17 |
14 |
11 |
6 |
20 |
14 |
11 |
9 |
5 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
27 |
20 |
17 |
14 |
9 |
24 |
18 |
15 |
12 |
8 |
20 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
6 |
17 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
4 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
24 |
18 |
15 |
13 |
8 |
21 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
18 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
5 |
15 |
11 |
9 |
7 |
4 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
21 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
7 |
19 |
14 |
12 |
10 |
6 |
16 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
14 |
10 |
8 |
6 |
4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
19 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
7 |
17 |
13 |
11 |
9 |
6 |
14 |
11 |
9 |
7 |
4 |
12 |
9 | 7 |
6 |
3 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
17 |
13 |
11 |
10 |
6 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
13 |
10 |
8 |
6 |
4 |
11 |
8 | 7 |
5 |
1.8 |
|
1.9 |
16 |
12 |
11 |
9 | 6 |
14 |
11 |
9 | 8 |
5 |
12 |
9 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
10 |
7 | 6 |
5 |
1.9 |
|
2.0 |
14 |
11 |
10 |
8 | 6 |
13 |
10 |
9 | 7 |
5 |
11 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
9 | 7 | 6 |
4 |
2.0 |
|
2.1 |
13 |
10 |
9 | 8 | 5 |
12 |
9 | 8 | 7 |
5 |
10 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
8 | 6 | 5 |
4 |
2.1 |
|
2.2 |
12 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 5 |
11 |
9 | 7 | 6 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
8 | 6 | 5 |
4 |
2.2 |
||
2.3 |
11 |
9 |
8 | 7 | 5 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 6 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
7 | 5 | 5 |
4 |
2.3 |
||
2.4 |
11 |
9 |
8 | 6 | 5 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 6 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
7 | 5 | 4 |
4 |
2.4 |
||
2.5 |
10 |
8 |
7 | 6 | 4 |
9 |
7 | 6 | 5 |
4 |
8 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
6 | 5 | 4 |
3 |
2.5 |
||
3.0 |
8 |
6 |
6 | 5 | 4 |
7 |
6 | 5 | 4 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 | 4 | 3 |
3.0 |
|||
3.5 |
6 |
5 |
5 | 4 | 3 |
6 |
5 | 4 | 4 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
4 | 3 |
3.5 |
|||||
4.0 |
6 |
5 |
4 | 4 |
5 |
4 | 4 | 3 |
4 |
4 |
3 | 4 |
4.0 |
表 12-5-① 两样本率比较时所需样本含量(单侧)
上行: a=0.05 , 1-β=0.80 中行: a=0.05 , 1-β=0.90
下行: a=0.01 , 1-β=0.95 较小率 两组率之差(%),δ
(%) |
5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
35 |
40 |
45 |
50 |
55 |
60 |
65 |
70 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 |
330 |
105 |
55 |
35 |
25 |
20 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
460 |
145 |
76 |
48 |
34 |
26 |
21 |
17 |
15 |
13 |
11 |
9 | 8 | 7 | |
850 |
270 |
140 |
89 |
63 |
47 |
37 |
30 |
25 |
21 |
19 |
17 |
14 |
13 | |
10 |
540 |
155 |
76 |
47 |
32 |
23 |
19 |
15 |
13 |
11 |
9 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
740 |
210 |
105 |
64 |
44 |
33 |
25 |
21 |
17 |
14 |
12 |
11 |
9 | 8 | |
1370 |
390 |
195 |
120 |
81 |
60 |
46 |
37 |
30 |
25 |
21 |
19 |
16 |
14 | |
15 |
710 |
200 |
94 |
56 |
38 |
27 |
21 |
17 |
14 |
12 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 6 |
990 |
270 |
130 |
77 |
52 |
38 |
29 |
22 |
19 |
16 |
13 |
10 |
10 |
8 | |
1820 |
500 |
240 |
4145 |
96 |
69 |
52 |
41 |
33 |
27 |
22 |
20 |
17 |
14 | |
20 |
860 |
230 |
110 |
63 |
42 |
30 |
22 |
18 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 | 7 | 6 |
1190 |
320 |
150 |
88 |
58 |
41 |
31 |
24 |
20 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
10 |
8 | |
2190 |
590 |
280 |
160 |
105 |
76 |
57 |
44 |
35 |
28 |
23 |
20 |
17 |
14 | |
25 |
980 |
260 |
120 |
69 |
45 |
32 |
24 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 | 7 | |
1360 |
360 |
165 |
96 |
63 |
44 |
33 |
25 |
21 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
9 | ||
2510 |
660 |
300 |
175 |
115 |
81 |
60 |
46 |
36 |
29 |
23 |
20 |
16 |
||
30 |
1080 |
280 |
130 |
73 |
47 |
33 |
24 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
8 | ||
1500 |
390 |
175 |
100 |
65 |
46 |
33 |
25 |
21 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
|||
2760 |
720 |
330 |
185 |
120 |
84 |
61 |
47 |
36 |
28 |
22 |
19 |
|||
35 |
1160 |
300 |
135 |
75 |
48 |
33 |
24 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
9 | |||
1600 |
410 |
185 |
105 |
67 |
46 |
33 |
25 |
20 |
16 |
12 |
||||
2960 |
750 |
340 |
190 |
125 |
85 |
61 |
46 |
35 |
27 |
21 |
||||
40 |
1210 |
310 |
135 |
76 |
48 |
33 |
24 |
18 |
14 |
11 |
||||
1670 |
420 |
190 |
105 |
67 |
46 |
33 |
24 |
19 |
14 |
|||||
3080 |
780 |
350 |
195 |
125 |
84 |
60 |
44 |
33 |
24 |
|||||
45 |
1230 |
310 |
135 |
75 |
47 |
32 |
22 |
17 |
13 |
|||||
1710 |
430 |
190 |
105 |
65 |
44 |
31 |
22 |
17 |
||||||
3140 |
790 |
350 |
190 |
120 |
81 |
57 |
41 |
30 |
||||||
50 |
1230 |
310 |
135 |
73 |
45 |
30 |
21 |
14 | ||||||
1710 |
420 |
185 |
100 |
63 |
41 |
29 |
21 | |||||||
3140 |
780 |
340 |
185 |
115 |
76 |
52 |
37 |
表 12-5-② 两样本率比较时所需样本含量(双侧)
上行: a=0.05 , 1-β=0.80 中行: a=0.05 , 1-β=0.90 下行: a=0.01 , 1-β=0.95
较小率 两组率之差(%),δ
(%) |
5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
35 |
40 |
45 |
50 |
55 |
60 |
65 |
70 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 |
420 |
130 |
69 |
44 |
31 |
24 |
20 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
9 |
7 |
570 |
175 |
93 |
59 |
42 |
32 |
25 |
21 |
18 |
15 |
13 |
11 |
10 |
9 | |
960 |
300 |
155 |
100 |
71 |
54 |
42 |
34 |
28 |
24 |
21 |
19 |
16 |
14 | |
10 |
680 |
195 |
96 |
59 |
41 |
30 |
23 |
19 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
10 |
9 |
7 |
910 |
260 |
130 |
79 |
54 |
40 |
31 |
24 |
21 |
18 |
15 |
13 |
11 |
10 | |
1550 |
440 |
220 |
135 |
92 |
68 |
52 |
41 |
34 |
28 |
23 |
21 |
18 |
15 | |
15 |
910 |
250 |
120 |
71 |
48 |
34 |
26 |
21 |
17 |
14 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
1220 |
330 |
160 |
95 |
64 |
46 |
35 |
27 |
22 |
19 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
10 | |
2060 |
560 |
270 |
160 |
110 |
78 |
59 |
47 |
37 |
31 |
25 |
21 |
19 |
16 | |
20 |
1090 |
290 |
135 |
80 |
53 |
38 |
28 |
22 |
18 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
7 |
1460 |
390 |
185 |
105 |
71 |
51 |
38 |
29 |
23 |
20 |
16 |
14 |
11 |
10 | |
2470 |
660 |
310 |
180 |
120 |
86 |
64 |
50 |
40 |
32 |
26 |
21 |
19 |
15 | |
25 |
1250 |
330 |
150 |
88 |
57 |
40 |
30 |
23 |
19 |
15 |
13 |
10 |
9 |
|
1680 |
440 |
200 |
115 |
77 |
54 |
40 |
31 |
24 |
20 |
16 |
13 |
11 |
||
2840 |
740 |
340 |
200 |
130 |
92 |
68 |
52 |
41 |
32 |
26 |
21 |
18 |
||
30 |
1380 |
360 |
160 |
93 |
60 |
42 |
31 |
23 |
19 |
15 |
12 |
10 |
||
1840 |
480 |
220 |
125 |
80 |
56 |
41 |
31 |
24 |
20 |
16 |
13 |
|||
3120 |
8810 |
370 |
210 |
135 |
95 |
69 |
53 |
41 |
32 |
25 |
21 |
|||
35 |
1470 |
380 |
170 |
96 |
61 |
42 |
31 |
23 |
18 |
14 |
11 |
|||
1970 |
500 |
225 |
130 |
82 |
57 |
41 |
31 |
23 |
19 |
15 |
||||
3340 |
850 |
380 |
215 |
140 |
96 |
69 |
52 |
40 |
31 |
23 |
||||
40 |
1530 |
390 |
175 |
97 |
61 |
42 |
30 |
22 |
17 |
13 |
||||
2050 |
520 |
230 |
130 |
82 |
56 |
40 |
29 |
22 |
18 |
|||||
3480 |
880 |
390 |
220 |
140 |
95 |
68 |
50 |
37 |
28 |
|||||
45 |
1560 |
390 |
175 |
96 |
60 |
40 |
28 |
21 |
16 |
|||||
2100 |
520 |
230 |
130 |
80 |
54 |
38 |
27 |
21 |
||||||
3550 |
890 |
390 |
215 |
135 |
92 |
64 |
47 |
34 |
||||||
50 |
1560 |
390 |
170 |
93 |
57 |
38 |
26 |
19 |
||||||
2100 |
520 |
225 |
125 |
77 |
51 |
35 |
24 |
3550 880 380 10 130 86 59 41