第五节 -ED 分词、-ING 形式和不定式三者间的关系

分词在语法功能上可以作为形容词使用，即可作前置定语修饰名词以及作主语和宾语的补足语。

-ING 分词强调进行和主动，-ED 分词则强调完成或被动。

①Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class.

②Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month.

③It's quite obvious that Paul won't sell his business now that he has got if running so well.

④During the final scene I noticed him wiping his eyes.

英语中还有几类动词要求分词作宾语补足语： 1.“have+宾语+-ED 分词”结构

如第②例，-ED 分词所表示的被动行为的发出者往往不是主语，而是他人。这时 have 可译为“使”、“叫”，在这点上 get 与 have 用法相同（见第①例）。如：I had my watch repaired.（我把表送去修理。） I got my composition corrected.（我请别人改我的作文。）注意： 这种结构应和“have”作使役动词讲时区别开来，试比较：

We ought to have her examined by the doctor.我们应请医生给他检查。

The teacher had the boy stand in front of the bladkboard. 老师让那个男孩站在黑板前。

1. 感官动词+宾语+-ING 分词

如第④例，这种结构中，-ING 分词表示宾语正处于某种状态，强调正在进行，如：

I can smell the dinner cooking. Mother heard her baby crying.

这类感官动词主要有：feel ,hear, notice, observe, see, find, smell 等。这种结构应和“感官动词+宾语+动词原形”区分开来，因为后者强调动作全过程，试比较：

I saw him run out of the room.我看到他从屋中跑出来。（强调全过程）

I saw him running out of the room.我看到他正从屋中跑出来。

（强调当时情景）

1. 有些表示“起始”、“状态”或引出某种结果的动词后也要求分词作宾补（如第③例），这类动词主要有：imagine,

   have, set, keep, catch, leave, start 等，例：

What he said set all of the students laughing.（他的话使得所有的学生都笑起来。）

I won't have you ordering me about.（我不能容忍你对我指手划脚。）

He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.（他闭口不言，呆要原地不动。）

①Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space.

②The baby sleeping in the cradle is my brother.

③The house being painted belongs to Edward.

④They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab. 分词短语常常作后置定语修饰前面的名词，这时它们相当于定语从

句，如上边四句也可分别改用定语从句。

Matter is the name (that is ) given to everything ⋯ The baby (who is) sleeping in the cradle is (⋯将来） The house (which is) being painted belongs ⋯

They are talking about the experiment (which has been) made⋯

-ING 分词作定语表示该动作与句子谓语所指的动作同时发生，相当于现在进行时或一般现在时（如第②例）。-ED 分词作定语表示该动作在谓语动作前已完成（如第④例）或是单纯的被动含义（如第①例），如强调同时发生，可用“being+-ED 分词”表示（如第③例）。分词作后置定语应和不定式作定语区分开来，不定式一般表示该动作在谓语动作之后发生或单纯起修饰作用，试比较：

①The boy eating cakes looks hungry.(同时)

②The vase broken by Tom has been thrown away.(完成）

③English words ending in "ly" are ususally adverbs.(一般现在时）

④He was the last person to leave the room (一般修饰作用。）

⑤I have a lot of letters to write.（将来）

⑥Compared with this, that is but a matter of minor importance.(单纯被动）

⑦Having been soaked to the skin (浑身湿透）, they eventually reached the station.(被动完成）

⑧They stood by the roadside, watching the parade.（正在进行）

⑨His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes.

分词短语作状语时，其位置较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句尾，且通常和句子其他成分用逗号隔开。分词所用的时态取决于它与被修饰动词（即谓语动词）的关系：

(1)-ING 分词表示与谓语的动作同时发生和正在进行，如第①、⑧ 例；

(2)-ING 分词表示一般动作，如第③例

(3)-ING 分词的完成式表示先于谓语动作发生，如第④例；

(4)-ING 分词表示先于谓动作发生，强调状态或仅表示被动含义， 如第②、⑥例；如果强调同时发生，用 being+-ED 分词，如⑨；如果强调分词动作先于谓语完成，可用被动完成形式“haveing been

• -ED 分词”，如第 2 例。

1. 动词不定式表示其动作在谓语动词之后发生，如例⑤，或纯起修饰作用，如例④。

①Not knowing what appropriate measures to be taken to cope wh\ith the situation, he wrote to his lawyer for advice.

②They had been working round the clock for a couple of days, hoping to get the design out before their competitors did.

③Having been caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin.

④She sat at the window reading a novel.

分词短语作状语往往带有原因（第①、③例）、目的（第②例）、伴随（第④例）、条件、让步、方式、结果等含义，其具体含义应根据上下文进行判断，又如：

Turning to the left, you will find the newly-built bank.(条件）

Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong.(让步） We increase the length of wire, thus increasing its resistance.(结果）

注意：分词结构中的分词如果是“being”时，常被省略，如(being) Tired with the work, he went out for a walk.

由于工作累了，他出去散步。

(being) A good teacher, she is loved by all of her pupils. 因为她是个好老师，所以受到全体学生的爱戴。

Night falling, we hurried home.

How can I work with that noise going on outside?

The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.

With all factors considered, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.

分词短语作状语时如果带有与句子主语所不同的，即自己的主语， 就构成了分词独立结构（也叫独立主格结构或垂悬分词结构），这种结构也可作状语表示时间，原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词 with 或 without，其作用是一样的。注意：这种带有介词的分词独立结构还可以由其他词类替换，例：

With the baby on her lay, the mother began telling it a fable.

（介+名+介词短语）

She used to sleep with all the windows open.（介+名+形） He always reads with the radio on.(介+名+副）

①Seen from the moon, our earth looks like a big bright disk.

②Being a clever girl, she was sent to college by her father. 分词短语如果没有自己的主语，就必须和句子的主语在逻辑和语意

上一致。如例①中分词短语“seen⋯”（从月亮上看去）的逻辑主语刚好和“ our Earth ”一致，因为分词短语成“ When our Earth is seeing⋯”。其中“seen”不可改为“seeing”，因为不能说“when our Earth is seeing⋯”。而例②规范英语中不可改成：Being a clever girl, her father sent her to college.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“her father”，而只能是“she”