第四章 英译汉综合练习及题解

以上通过对英汉两种语言的对比，介绍了英译汉时常用的一些翻译技巧。但任何翻译技巧都是针对具体的上下文而言的，考生在考试中切忌生搬硬套。好的译文的前提是忠实于原文，任何技巧和变通手段的运用都是为了更好得表达原文的精神，所以在翻译实践中一定要把握好“度”。如果没有十足的把握。宁可直译。生硬的译文，如果忠实地表达了原文的意思，也比虽然流畅但准确的要好。

任何技巧都来源于翻译实践，如果没有平时的大量练习、只死记一些规则、技巧，只能是纸上谈兵。下面我们提供了三十篇翻译练习及部分题解， 做这些练习时要先自己翻译，然后再对照参考译文和题解，这将有利于提高你的翻译水平。

Passage One ① All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply aveailable to all of us within the coveries of books but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most from it.The most unfortunate people in the world are thise who have never discovered how satisfying it is to read good books.

Reading is pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader.Reading is fun, not because the writeris telling you something, but because it makes your mind work.Your own imagination works along with the author's or even goes beyond his②.Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.

Every book stands by itself, like a one—family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, toghther they all add up to something, they are connected with each other and with other cities, The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Books influences each other; they link the past, the present and the future and have their own generations, like families.③Wherever you start reading you connect yourself with one of the familes of ideas, and in the long run, you not only find out about the world and the people in it; you find out about yourself, too.

Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be.If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you "ought" to read, you probably won't have fun④.But if you put down a book you don't like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it , you will almost certainly have a good time—amd if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won't have suffered during the process.

人类世世代代的聪明才智，千百年来令人们陶醉的故事，都可以轻而易举而又无需耗费许多钱财便从书中获得。不过，我们必须知道如何获取这一财富并从中吸取最大的效益。世界上最不幸者就是那些从未领略到阅读佳作乐趣的人。

读书是精神享受，也就是说读书有点像体育运动：你的求知俗望、你的知识和机智敏捷使你成为一个善于读书的人。读书之所以是一种乐趣，并非因为作者向你讲述了什么，而是因为读书使你开动脑筋思考。你的想象随作者的想象驰骋，甚至超越作者的想象。你的经历与作者经历相应对比，使你得出与他相同或不同的结论，而随着你对作者思想的理解，你的思想也会有发展。

每一部书都有如独门独户的房舍，孑然自立。而图书馆的藏书则像城市中鳞次栉比的建筑，尽管它们各成一体，但却共同构成一个整体；不仅它们之间相互联系，而且也与其他城市相互联系。相同的或者相关联的观点，在不同的地方出现。人类生活中所反复遇到的问题在文学作品中也反复出现， 但其解决方法在不同时期的不同作品中却大相径庭。书本之间相互影响，把过去，现在、将来紧密地联系起来，一代一代，形同各个家族。无论你从何时何地读起，你都会把自己同某一观点联系起来；而从长远来看，你不仅仅从书中了解世界，理解人生，你也会认识自己。

只有你把读书当作一种乐趣，它才成其为乐趣。假如你把注意力放在别人告诉你“该”读的书上，你很可能觉得索然寡味。但是，假如你放下自己不喜欢的书，另试一本，直至找到对自己有意义的书，然后心情轻轻地读下去，那么，几乎可以肯定，你会感到其乐无穷。假如你由于博览群书而变得更为高尚、智慧、善良、文雅，你就不会觉得读书是一种负担了。

解析①此句的主语是一个并列主语，分别由一个介词短语和定语从句来修饰，谓语是一个系表结构，翻译时为了符合汉语习惯，把表语形容词转译成了动词“获得。”“avail oneself of sth.”是“利用”的意思；“get the most from”意思是“最大限度地利用”。

②这句包含了过去分词短语 compared with⋯，译文把它译成了独立句。

③wherever，引导的从句译成“无论何时”，这是因为这样更符合汉语的表达习惯，也更表达了原文的意思。in the long run 是“从长远看”， “not only⋯too”和“not only⋯but also⋯”的意思相同。

④这是一个条件状语从句，第一个条件分句中包含了两个限制性定语从句，都译作了前置定语“⋯的”，“as a result of reading”是一个插入语，译成了从句中的原因从句。

passage Two

①All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twentyfour hours.But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.I speak, of course, of free man who have a choice, not condemned crininals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.

②Such stories set us thinking, wondering shat we should do under similar circumstances.What events, what experiences, what

associations should we crowd into thise last hours as mortal beings?What happiness should we find in reviewing the past, what regrets?

Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.③Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of lire.④We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keeness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come.

There are those, of course who would adopt the epicurean motto of ‘Eat, drink, and be merry’, but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.

参考译文

我们大家都读过这样激动人心的故事，故事中的主人公活着的时间已屈指可数，多则一年半载，少则二十四个小时，然而，我们深感关切的却总是要看看好为厄运难逃的人，究竟选择怎样去度过他生命中最后的那些日子， 或那几个小时。我所说的，当然是有权进行选择的自由人，而不是那些活动范围受到严格限制的囚犯。

这样的故事使人深思，催人自问：在同样的情况下，我们自己该怎么办？ 作为即将死去的人，我们应该用什么样的大事，什么样的经历，什么样的交往，去充实那最后的几个小时。当我们回首往事时，会感到多大的快乐，又会有多少遗憾？

有时，我会遐想，如果我们天天就好像明天就会死去那样，去过每天的日子，这将会是一个极好的准则，这样，生命的价值将被强调的异常突出的地位，我们以和善的态度，旺盛的精力，敏锐的感受力来度过每一天；而这日子像永无止境的画卷，日复一日，月复一月，年复一年地延伸下去，这态度、精力和敏锐的鉴别力，常常会悄然消失。自然，有些人会把“吃、喝、玩、乐”这样的享乐主义作为自己的信条；但大多数人都会因即将来临的死亡而纯洁自己的行为。

解析①这句的宾语有一个限制性定语从句来修饰，从句较长，如果翻译成前置定语，势必不通，所以译成了独立句。放在后面。

②这一段当中有三个句子，第一句中有两个现在分词，第一个分词作宾语补足语，第二个分词短语 wondering⋯表示伴随状况，译文把两个分词译成了并列谓语，wondering 后面的宾语从句译成了独立句。第二句当中的crowd into 意译成了“充实”，这样更符合汉语的习惯。第三句中的介词短语 in reviewing the past 表示时间，所以译成了时间状语从句。

③这句可以直译为“这样的态度将使生命的价值得到突出的强调。”这样译多少有点生硬，所以译文中把原句子的主语 such an attitude 译作了独立的副词，句子的宾语得到了更好的强调，译文也就更忠实地传达了原文的精神。

④这个长句实际上是个简单句，只是由于介词短语有一个包含了时间状语从句的定语从句来修饰，这便增加了翻译的难度。译文将三个抽象名词gentleness,vigor,appreciation 具体化，分别译作“和善的态度，旺盛的精力和敏锐的感受力”；而又将后面的定语从句用了“拆句法”，使其中的

状语从句独立成句。

Passage Three①To an observer on earth, the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north.②Then it seems to "pause" for one day before it turns round and goes back.Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to "pause"again for one day before swerving back northe again.These two days are called the Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice respectively.

③Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun.As the earth journeys around the sun, it spins an its own axis.This can be illustrated by a simple experiment.④If We a you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around in much the same way the earth is spinning at this very moment.The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the north and south poles.If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted upwhile the other half is in the shade.That is just like our night and day.If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball's surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.

参考译文

在地球上的观察者看来，太阳似乎离开赤道一步步向北移动，到六月二十一日，移动到了北面最远的地方。接着太阳似乎“暂停”移动一天，然后就回头一步步向南移动，直到十二月二十二日，太阳似乎又“暂停”一天， 再回头往北移动。这两天就分别叫做夏至和冬至。

现在我们知道，所有这一切现象都是由于地球围绕太阳转动而产生的。地球绕着太阳运行时是围绕自身的轴旋转的。这可以用简单的实验来说明。如果把一根尖头棒插进皮球，用两个手指使它转动起来，皮球的旋转与地球此时此刻的自转极为相似。尖头棒穿过的两处相当于南极和北极。如果在夜间、正对着明亮的灯光转动，就会发现半个皮球被照亮了，而另外半个在阴暗处。这种情况正好同我们白天黑夜的现象相同。如果使尖头棒完全与灯光垂直，以均匀的速度加以转动，球面的任何一点在亮处和暗处的时间长短是相同的。

解析①如果把句首的介词短语“to an observer on earth”直译为“对于地球上的观察者而言”，意思就不够明确，所以在翻译时又加进了名词observer 原有的的动词意味“看来”，这种方法在“第三章翻译技巧”中的“词性转换”中已详细介绍过。另外，until 引导的时间状这语从句在译文中也译成了独立的分句，这种“断句”的方法也在前面讲述过。

②这个句子中的“before”不宜直译为“在⋯之前”，按照汉语表达习惯，我们将其译为“然后”，在随后的句子中“before”的用法也相同。

③译文将原文的“all this”译为“所有这些现象”，增加了原文中虽无其词但有其意的“现象”一词，增词法的运用是为更忠实地表达原文，更符合汉语的表达习惯。

④这句及下文中的 if 条件从句中的主语 you 都是泛指代词，译成汉语时

往往要省去，译成汉语的无主句。

Passage Four ①We are so used to our life on the surface of the earth that it can be quite an effort for our minds to break free of all the ideas that we take for granted.We talk about "up"and "down", but we know that shat is "down"for us is "up"for someone on the other side of the world.

Because we can feel that things are heavy, we think of "weight"as being a fixed quality in an object, but it is not really fixed at all.If you could take a one—pound packet of butter 4 000 miles out from the earth, it would weigh only a quarater of a pound.

Why would things weigh only a quarter as much as thdy do at the surface of the earth if we took them 4 000 miles out into space?The reason is this:All objects have a natural attraction for all other objects; this is called gravatational attraction.②But this power of attraction between two objects gets weaker as they get farther apart.When the butter was at the surface of the earth, it was 4 000 miles from the centre (in other words the radius of the earth is 4 000 miles).When we took the butter 4 000 miles out, it was 8, 000 from the centre, which is twice the distance.

③ If you double the distance between two objects, their gravatational attraction decreases "two times two"④.If you treble the distance, it gets nine times weaker (three times three).Ifyou take it four times as far away, it gets sixteen times weaker (four times four) and so on.So this is one of the first things we need to remember : that the weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the surface of the earth.

参考译文

我们如此习惯于地面上的生活，以致很可能要做相当一番努力才能使我们的头脑摆脱我们认为是理所当然的一切传统观念。我们说“上”和“下”， 但我们知道对我们来说“下”，对地球另一面的人来说就是“上”。

由于我们能感觉到物体有重量，我们就认为“重量”是物体所固有的一种特性，但它根本不是真正固有的。如果你能把一包一磅重的黄油送到地球外 4 000 英里的地方去，那么它的重量就只有四分之一磅了。

为什么我们把物体送到 4 000 英里外的太空时，它的重量就只有在地面时的四分之一了呢？其原因是：一切物体对其他所有的物体都有一个自然引力。这个引力称为万有引力。但是两个物体之间的引力会随着它们之间距离越来越大而变得越来越小。当黄油在地面时，它离地心 4 000 英里（换言之，

地球的半径是 4 000 英里）。当我们把这包黄油送到 4 000 英里外时，它距

地心 8000 英里，也就是原来距离的两倍。

如果你把两个物体之间的距离增加一倍，它们之间的引力就减少到(2× 2)分之一。如果把距离扩大到三倍，该引力就只是原来的九分之一(3×3)。如果增加到四倍，引力就只有原来的十六分之一(4×4)依此类推。

所以，我们要记住的首要事情之一是：物体在太空中的重量与它在地面上的重量是不同的。

解析①这是一个用“so⋯that⋯”连接的结果状语从句，从句中的主语it 是形式主语，后面的不定式“to break free of⋯”是真正的主语，翻译成汉语时采用了和主句相同的主语“我们”，而把原来的不定式译成了目的状语；另外，为了更准确地表达原文，将“all the ideas that we take for granted”译成了“我们认为是理所当然的一切传统观念”，增加了“传统” 一词。

②这一句当中应当注意比较级的译法，如果把“gets weaker as they get farther apart”译为“随着两物体之间距离的加大而引力变小”，就没有贴切表达原文的意思，“as”在这里是“during the course of”的意思，所以译作“随着它们之间距离越来越大而引力变得越来越小”。

③这里要注意“decreases two times two”的译法，“two times two” 是 2 的 2 倍，也就是说减少 4 倍，而汉语的表达习惯要说“减少到原来的四分之一”。

④这里的“nine times weaker”和“sixteen times weaker”和③中的“two times two”一样，要译成汉语的“减少到九分之一”和“减少到十六分之一”。

Passage Five What were the difficulties which the early pioneers had to overcome in making successful aeroplanes?One of them was to decide what general system ought to be used.Naturally the first idea was to use wings as birds do, and some men actually provided themselves with wings fastened to their arms; but they failed.①It is interesting fact that when men try to dl the same things as nature dose, they usually have to do them in a different way.Carriages, trains and motor—cars use wheels instead of legs; aeroplanes have fixed wings, unlike those of birds; boats are moved by oars or by the wind, and ships by paddle

—wheels or screws, though not one of these methods is used by any fish.In general, too, the wheel, a necessary part of most machines, never appears in nature.②Thus the decision to use a

fixed wing was one that had to be made before any aeroplane could fly satisfactorily.Some of the early machines had a lot of wings of various sizes and in different positions.The number was soon reduced to a maximum of three, one above the other.The machine with three wings (it looks like one with three pairs of wings, for a wing stretches right across the machine from side to side) was known as a triplane; it disappeared from the sky long ago.③The biplane, with two wings, lasted longer and could be seen fairly frequently up to the war of 1939, though it is now becoming a rarity.The monoplane is now the commonest type of aircraft.④It has the advantage that it presents less resistence to the air than other types, and can therefore fly faster with the same power.

参考译文要顺利地制造出飞机，早期先驱们需要克服哪些困难呢？其中之一就是要确定应当采用什么样的总体系统。很自然，最初的想法是像鸟一样用翅膀来飞。也真的有人在自己的双臂上绑上翅膀，但全失败了。有趣的是，人们在模拟自然界其他生物来做同样的事情时往往得采用不同于这些生

物的方法去做。马车、火车和汽车用的都是轮子，而不是腿。飞机装有固定的机翼，和鸟的翅膀不一样。小船靠桨和风力推动，轮船靠桨轮或螺旋桨行驶，而这些方法却没有一种是任何鱼类所使用的。同样，一般说来来，轮子

（是大多数机器的必要部件）也从来未在自然界出现过。因此，确定合作固定机翼是势在必行的，否则飞机就不能进行令人满意的飞行。

早期的飞机安装着许多大小不等方位不同的机翼。机翼的数目很快就减少到最多三个，上下重叠着。这类三个机翼的飞机看起来好像有三对机翼， 因为每个机翼正好从一侧穿过机身伸展到另一侧，故称为三翼机，这种飞机在很久以前就在天空中消失了。

装有两个机翼的双翼机，虽然现在很少见，但它使用期较长。直到 1939 年，二次大战中还能常常看到。单翼机是现在最常见的一种类型，这类飞机和其他型式的飞机相比，其优点是空气阻力小，因此在功率相同的情况下， 它能够飞行得更快。

解析①这是一个主语从句，以 it 作形式主语的主语从句在翻译时应根据具体情况确定主语从句置前还是置后，如果主语从句置后时，it 一般不用译出。又如：It is rumoured that the meeting will be held in June.据传， 这个会将在六月举行。

②这句如果按字面直译，就会显得很别扭，所以采用了意译手法，其中又包括了词性转换的翻译方法—decision 译为“作出决定”。另外“before” 这个词采用了正反表达法，译作“否则就不可能进行另人满意的飞行”。又如：“He got to his feet before I could protest”，译作“还没等我来得急提出异义，他已经站了起来”。

③这句话用了词性转译法，因为如果把“rarity”在这里译作“稀罕物”， 便有悖于汉语的表达习惯，所以转译为形容词“少见的”。

④这是一个同位语从句，同位语从句是指在一个名词或代词后面的名词性从句，对前者做进一步的解释，说明该名词或代词的内容。在翻译同位语从句时，一般把同位语从句仍放在原来的位置，有时用冒号，破折号或“即” 等词表示。又如：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问；But consider realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不美妙。

Passage six Solids transmit sound very well.Try holding a wooden stick against part of a machine, and place your ear against the stick.The movement of the ball—bearings can beclearly heard.①This is a good way of finding the exact source of troble in a motor—car engine which sounds as if it is wrong and yet gives no information of where the trouble is.

The cocoa—tin telephone is another proof of the way in which solids transmit sounds. Two tins, connected by a string fixed through a hole in the bottom of each tin and stretched tight, form a good telephone over a few yards.②A message whispered into one tin held against the mouth is clearly heard by your partner if he holds his ear against the other tin.

③It is probably a good thing that sound cannot travel through a

vacuum, for we are thus limited to earth—made sounds.The violent disturbanceswhich are seen occasionally in the sun, for example, may affect our magnetism and our radio; they do not affect our ears, which is a very good thing for our peace of mind. If we have used our eyes and ears, we have already realised that sound takes time to travel through the air.The sound of thunder nearly always follows the lightening flash although they happen together.④And the appearance of a white cloud above a distant ship or train tells us, before anything is heard, that its whistle has sounded.Just how fast does sound travel through the air?

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固体传声良好。拿一根木棒，抵住机器的某一部位，再把耳朵贴在木棒上，你就能清楚地听到滚珠轴承的转动声。在汽车发动机的声音听起来似乎有毛病但又找不出毛病所在时，这是发现其故障确切位置的好办法。

用可可罐头盒做的传话装置是对固体传声的又一证明。把一根线的两端分别固定在两个罐头盒底的洞眼里，然后把这根连接线拉紧就做成了一个能在数码距离以内传话的很好的传话器了。用嘴对着罐头盒轻声说话，另一头的人把耳朵紧贴在另一个罐头盒上就能清楚地听到这说话声。

声音不能通过真空来传播，这或许是件好事，因为这样我们就只限于听到地球上发出的声音。例如，我们偶而看到的太阳里剧烈扰动可能影响地球上的磁力和无线电，但它并不影响我们的耳朵，这对我们的心神安宁来说是件大好事。

如果我们耳目并用就会意识到声音穿过空气是需要一定时间的。尽管雷鸣和电闪同时发生，但总是先见其光而后闻其声。远处的轮船或火车开动时， 我们总是先看到其上空出现的白色烟云，而后才闻其鸣笛。那到，声音穿过空气时的速度到底有多快呢？

解析①这句话包含了一个“of”引导的介词短语，而短语其中又含了一个定语从句，由于定语太长，所以，对定语从句采到了“拆译法”，把它放在句首，译成了时间状语从句。另外，原句中的表语很长，这是因为英文句子要做到“end—weight”，如果把原句子结构直接译成汉语，就显得很蹩脚， 所以在翻译时用了“逆序法”，改变了原句子结构。

②英语里被动语态用得多，而汉语里被动语态用得少，所以在处理英语的被动语态时，往往译成汉语的主语动态，把原句中由“by”引导的短语译作主语。另外，过去分词“whispered”也译成主动式，无主句，“用嘴对着罐头盒轻声说话”。

③以“it”作形式主语的主语从句译成汉语时，“it”往往略去，所以译为“声音不能通过真空来传播，这或许是件好事”。

④这句的难点在于句中有一个以“before”引导的插入语，以“before” 引导的句子翻译时一般不直接译为“在⋯之前”，而要按照汉语习惯，译成恰当的中文。

Passage Seven Food which is kept too long decays because it is attacked by yeasts,moulds and bacteria.The canning Pro- cess,however,seals the product in a container so that no infection can reach it ,and then it is sterilized by heat.Heat sterilization destroys

all infections present in food inside the can. No chemical proservatives are necessary,and properly canned food does not deteriorate during storage.

The principle was discovered in 1809 by a Frenchman called Nicolas Appert.①He corked food lightly in wide—necked glass bottles and immersed them in a bath of hot water to drive out the air,then he hammered the corks down to seal the jars hermetically.Appert's discovery was rewarded by the French government because better preserved food supplies were needed for Napoleon's troops on distant campaigns.

By 1814 an English manufacturer had replaced Appert's glass jars with metal containers and was supplying tinned vegetable soup and meat to the British navy.②The next scientific improvement,in 1860,was the result of Louis Pasteur's work on sterilization through the application of scientifically controlled heat.

Today vegetables,fish,fruit ,meat and beer are canned in enormous quantities.③Within three generations the eating habits of millions have been revolutionized.Foods that were proviously seasonal may now be eaten at any time,and strange foods are available far from the countries where they are grown.④The profitable crops many farmers now produce often depend on the proximity of a canning factory.

参考译文

保存得太久的食品会变坏，这是因为受到酵母菌、霉菌和细菌侵袭的缘故。而罐装的方法则可以把食品封在一个容器内，使传染病菌无法接近，然后再加热消毒。加热消毒法可以消灭罐内食品中原有的传染病菌。不需要化学防腐剂，以正确方法制成的罐头食品在储藏过程中不会变质。

这个原理是一位名叫尼古拉·阿佩尔的法国人在 1809 年发现的。他把食品装进广口玻璃瓶，轻轻塞上塞子，把瓶子浸入热水中排出空气，然后把软木塞敲下去使玻璃瓶密封。阿佩尔的发明受到法国政府的奖赏，因为拿破仑的远征部队需要保存得比较好的食品。

到 1814 年，一位英国制造商用金属容器代替了阿佩尔的玻璃瓶，向英国海军供应听装菜汤和肉。1860 年，由于路易·巴斯德的研究工作取得成果， 通过运用科学方法控制加热来实行消毒，使得罐头的制作在科学上又一次得到改进。

现在，蔬菜、鱼肉、水果和啤酒大量制成罐头食品。在三代人的时间里， 千百万人的饮食习惯大大改变。许多种以前是季节性的食物现在任何时候都可以吃到，许多珍奇的食物在远离生产国的地方也可以买到。很多农场主现在种植的有利可图的作物常常有赖于附近有一个罐头食品厂。

解析①这一句中有两个“cork”，第一个“cork”是动词，意思是“用木塞塞紧”，第二个“cork”是名词，“木塞”。为了确切地表达原文的意思，把第一个 cork 所包含的意思“放进”在译文中体现了出来，译为“⋯把食品装入广口玻璃瓶，轻轻塞上塞子”，这是“增词法”的运用。②这句里有三个抽象名词“improvement”、“sterilization”和“application”， 在翻译抽象名词时，多把抽象名词具体化或转译成其中词根所表示的动词意

味，所以“sterilization”和“application”分别译作了“实行消毒”和“运用科学方法”。另外，过去分词“controlled”也转译为动词“控制加热”。

③这句是被动语态的完成时，翻译时用了主动形式，而且也没有拘泥于原词“revolutionize”，而是用了更合乎汉语的说法“改变”。④原文的“proximity of a canning factory”中的“proximity”是个抽象名词，译文将其译为具体名词“附近”，同时也改变了原句的结构，增了动词“有”， 使译文更通顺自然。

Passage Eight ① Lending and borrowing are more matters of principle in the West than in the East,where a more careless and easy generosity prevails.Things borrowed in the West are definitely expected to be returned,whether it be fifty dollars a merely a friend's pencil,and one is considered dishonest if he does not do so,or undependable if he returns them long after the time he has promised to return them.②Moreover,it is expected that the article borrowed will be returned in as good condition as when lent.③If this is not possible,either through wear or breakage,it is the custom to return as exact a duplicate as possible,or failing that,to offer the owner the money for it .This may be refused by a generous person,but it must be offered.Borrowing is not so prevalent in the West as in the East,perhaps for these very reasons!One dose not usually borrow except from a very close friend.It is better to avoid borrowing altogether as far as possible.

Don't be curious.This is another important Western manner.It is impolite to be curious about the private affairs of others—even your friends.It is exceedingly improper to read their letters or papers.

④And on no account should a letter addressed to one person be opened by another unless he has been definitely asked to do so .It is very rude to look at what some person is writing.If you are waiting for someone in a room,don't go around examining things; it is all right to pick up and read a magazine ornewspaper from the table but do not touch anything else. Never try to hear a conversation when it is not intended for you.

参考译文

在西方，人们向别人借东西和借东西给别人时比东方更讲究原则。在东方，人们对这样的事比较随便，比较大方。在西方，向人借了东西一定要还， 不管是五十元钱，还仅仅是朋友的一支铅笔，谁借了人家东西不还，人们就认为他不诚实，如果他答应在某个时间还，但过了很长时间才还，人们就认为他不可靠。而且，东西还给人家时应该完好无损。如果由于磨损或用坏， 不可能完好无损地还给人家，按照惯例就应该购置一件尽可能一样的物品还给人家。如果为不到，就应该照价赔偿。大方的人也许会不接受这样的赔偿， 但是借者却必须表示愿意照价赔偿。也许正是由于这些原因，西方人才不像东方人那样经常向人借东西！除了好朋友之外，人们一般不向别人借东西， 最好是尽可能不向任何人借。

不要探问别人的隐私，这也是一条重要的西方礼节。对别人的私事，即使是你朋友的私事，东探西问也是不礼貌的。偷看别人的信或文件是极其不合适的；决不可拆阅写给别人的信件，除非人家明确地请你那样做。窥视别人正在写的东西是非常不礼貌的。在房间里等人时，不要到处查看室内的东西；你可以从桌上拿起一本杂志或一张报纸来看，但不可动任何别的东西。绝不要窃听人家并不想叫你听见的谈话。

解析①这句里的“are more matters of principle”如直译为“更是原则问题”则显得别扭，故把“principle”转译为动词“讲究原则”；后面的非限定定语从句“where a more careless and easy generosity prevails” 在汉语中也没有对应的结构，故而把名词“generosity”转译为形容词，同时把它的修饰语“careless”分离出来，和“generosity”译为并列的形容词“比较随便、比较大方。”

②It is expected that⋯这种主语从句的被动语态翻译成汉语时常常被译为“无主句”，类似的句型还有“It is hoped that⋯希望⋯”，“It is supposed that⋯据推测⋯”，“It must be admitted that⋯必须承认⋯” 等；原文里从句中被动语态译成了汉语的主动形式，同时把“expected”的意思融入进去，“东西还给人家时应该完好无损”。

③这是一个主从复合句，主句中的主语“it”是先行主语，代表后面并列的两个不定式“to return or to offer”，因为主语很长，而表语只有一个字“custom”，如果按原句的结构直译成汉语，就显得很别扭，所以把“custom”分离出来，译为副词“按照惯例”。

④句首的“on no account”意为“绝不”、“切莫”，含有否定意义的词（如 never，few，little，seldom 等）放在句首，句子要用倒装语序；另外，原文的主、从句中都是被动语态，译成汉语时，主句中的被动语态译成了无主句，从句中的被动语态也译作了主动句，并加了表示泛指的人称代词“人家”。这是被动语态常用的翻译方法。

Passage Nine When plants and animals die,they normally decay,helped along by fungi,bacteria and the natural chemicals in the environment. ① Once decomposed,they provide neutrients for living organisms,and the respiration of the micro—organisms causing decay releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Over a period of several hundred million years,however,comparatively small amouts of organic material have been trapped under layers of silt,soil or volcanic rock and,deprived of soxygen,have not fully decomposed.②Instead,they have formed deposits of coal,natural gas and oil,often located far beneath the land sur-face or the sea—bed.

③Oil is usually found in porous rock under a layer of impermeable rock which prevents it from escaping. It can then only be reached by drilling.The initial gushing of oil out of a drill pipe is caused by the pressure of the gas trapped and compressed immediately above the oil deposits.In time,this pressure decreases and the oil has to be pumped to the surface.The crude oil raised directly from wells is not yet ready for use. It has to be refined.

As more and more people own cars, the future looks less and less

hopeful. It has taken about 600 million years for the world's oil reserves to be formed. It will probably take us only a little over a hundred years to exhaust them. The age of the internal combustion engine may turn out to be short and highly destructive. Our grandchildren may well be the last generation to drive petrol—powered cars.④We can only share scientists'hopes that alternative sources of energy to meet our needs will have been found by the time the world's coal and oil reserves finally run out.

考译文参 植物和动物死亡之后，在周围真菌、细菌和自然化学物不断的作用下，一般都要腐烂。腐烂后的动植物为活着的生物提供营养，那些导致动植物腐烂的微生物的呼吸向大气中释放出二氧化碳。然而，经过几亿年的长期过程，有小部分的有机物质被密封在淤泥、土壤或火山岩构成的地层下面，并由于缺氧而没有完全腐烂。它们往往在地表或海底以下很深的地方形成了煤、天然气和石油的矿床。

石油通常存在于多孔性的岩石中，上面覆盖着不可渗透的岩层，使石油不致散失。因此只有通过钻探才能接触到石油。最初石油喷出钻管，是由于受到紧压在石油层上的被密封的气体的压力。经过一定时间，压力减少了， 石油就得用泵才能抽到地面上来。从油井采出的原油还不能马上使用，还需要提炼。

拥有汽车的人越来越多，前景也就越来越显得暗淡。世界上的石油储藏是经过大约六亿年才形成的，而我们也许只要一百年稍多一点的时间就会把全部用光。内燃机时代到头来可能是为时短暂而贻害非浅。我们的孙辈很可能是驾驶汽油动力汽车的最后一代。我们只有像科学家们那样希望：在世界上的煤和石油储藏最终用完以前就能找到其他可供选择的能源来满足我们的需要。

解析①这是省略的时间状语从句，= once they are decomposed 一旦动植物腐烂。为了更好地承接上句译文，灵活译为“腐烂后的动植物”，由句子变成了词组，可见，翻译时，只要忠实于原文的意思，而不必拘泥于原文结构。

②句子后半部分的过去分词短语“often located⋯”对句子起补充说明作用，译文根据“located”的含义，将整个分词短语译为地点状语放在首句， 调整语序后的句子读起来更显得通顺自然。

③这是一个被动语态的句子，“⋯is found in ⋯”不宜直译为汉语的被动语态，因而译文用了主动结构“⋯存在于⋯”；又将其中的限制性定语从句译为“目的状语”，“使石油不致散失”。

④这句综合运用了多种翻译手法，“share scientists'hopes”用了词性转换的方法，译为“像科学家们一样希望”：“⋯will have been found” 转译为汉语的主动语态“在⋯之前就能找到”；将原来作后置定语的不定式“to meet our needs”转译为目的状语，放在句末；由些可见，翻译实践实际上是各种方法的综合运用，我们在翻译时切莫生搬硬套某种技巧，而要在忠实于原文的前提下，译成合乎汉语表达习惯的中文。

Passage Ten There is a scientific—fiction story in which beings from another planet conquer the earth easily because theyhave a machine to turn off all the electricity. Well, what would be the effect of such

a machine? ①A century ago, nobody but a few scientists would have observed any difference, most people would simply have continued their lives. In our day, however, even the farthest corners of the world are being conquered by electricity, at least by the transistor radio.

Most of the trouble of a life without electricity, however, would come to the highly industrialized nations. Many, if not all, of our industries would cease production; all wheels would stop because the motors that power the machines would fail. ②The world's transport systems would fall apart without a supply of electricity. Electric trains and trams obviously depend on electric current, but motor vehicles could not be operated, either; they could neither be started (except with a hand—crank )nor would there be any ignition. For the same reason, aeroplanes could not fly.

③ Probably the worst effect would be felt on the world's communication systems. ④The telephone, radio, television and radar would become inventions of strictly theoretical interest. The world's leaders would hold meetings and establish committees to discuss the situation and inform the people; but how would people ever learn the results of these discussions, with even the printing presses out of service? In the meantime, scientists would try to find a way to turn the electricity on again or perhaps discover a substance that would replace it.

参考译文 有一篇科幻小说，说到来自另一行星上的生物轻而易举地征服了地球，因为他们有一种能切断一切电源的机器。那么，这种机器所带来的后果将会怎样呢？如若在一个世纪之前，除去少数科学家大概不会有人注意到会有什么异样，大多数人会照常生活下去。可是在当代，即使是地球上最偏僻的角落也离不开电，至少离不开晶体管收音机。

然而，如果没有电，高度工业化的国家所遇到的困难最多。许多（即使不是全部）工业都要停止生产，所有机轮将停止转动，因为供给机器能量的电动机将停止工作。全世界的运输系统也将因没有电力供应而陷于瘫痪。电气火车和电车固然要依靠电流，而汽车没有电也不能开动：它们既不能发动

（除非用摇手柄），也不能点火。由于同样的理由，飞机也不能飞行。

受影响最严重的也许是全世界的通讯系统。电话、收音机、电视、雷达都只能变成纸上谈兵的发明。世界各国的首脑可能会召开会议，来讨论这种形势，并向世界人民发布消息。但是如果连印刷机也停止工作了，人民将如何获悉这些讨论的结果呢？在此期间，科学家们将致力于寻求一种把电流重新接通的方法，或是设法发现一种物质来代替电。

解析①这句是虚拟语气，英语中的虚拟语气有时不用 if 从句，而用介词短语或其他形式来表达，主句仍用虚拟语气的相应形式。如：But for your help, I should have been found. 要是没有你们的帮助，我早已淹死了。这句的“a century ago”相当于“If it had been a century ago”，“假如是在一个世纪以前”。

②这句仍是虚拟语气，介词短语 without a supply of electricity 相当于 if 引导的从句，主句用虚拟语气的一般时，全句可译为“停止了供电，

全世界的运输系统将陷于瘫痪”。译文为了和上句的承接更为自然，译作“全世界的运输系统也将因为没有电的供应而陷于瘫痪”。③此句中“the worst effect would be felt”不宜直接译成汉语，所以译文改换了句式，译作“受影响最严重的是全世界的通信系统”。

④此句的“inventions of strictly theoretical interest”，如果按照字面意思直译为“严格理论意义上的发明”，读起来多少会令人有些费解， 所以用了易懂的“纸上谈兵的发明”，这样译也没有歪曲原文的意思。

Passage Eleven ①But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contray to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they been misled.

②Weare also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.

③Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choiced concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place.

④We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted. Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital ,or to have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take

leave.

参考译文

然而现在开始有人提出证据，说明这种欺骗旨在给病人带来好处的说法是虚幻的。研究结果表明，与许多医生的想法相反，绝大多数病人确实想知道真实情况，甚至是严重的病情。当他们了解到医生没有对他们讲真话的时候，他们感到自己被玩弄了。我们还获悉，将真实情况妥当地告诉病人，能帮助他们与病魔作斗争，有助于他们更好地忍受疼痛，减少用药，甚至在手术后更快地恢复。

谎言不仅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺骗的人们所希望的那种“帮助”，它还侵犯了病人的个人自由，使他们不能对有关自己健康的问题作出明达的判断，包括要不要就医，这一首要的选择。我们越来越意识到，病人发病期间， 在不知病情或未被如实地告知病情的情况下，他们会遭到什么样的不幸。

特别是濒临死亡的病人——他们最易受骗也最会被人蒙在鼓里——因此而不能作出临终前的种种有关抉择：是否要住进医院，或进行手术，在何处与何人度过所剩下的一点时间，以及任何处理完自己的事务而后与世长辞。解析①这句的主语很长，其中包括了介词短语，介词短语中又套了一个

定语从句，处理时译成了前置定语。定语从句中的“is meant to”。是常用的英语被动式，译成汉语时多译为“旨在”、“目的”、“意欲”等。“document”，

常用的是名词“证件”、“文件”，这里是动词“用证据证明”之意。

②句中的过去分词“humanely conveyed”是插入语，是对“truthful information”进一步说明，在译文中合二为一，并转译成了动词“将真实情况妥当地告诉病人”，虽未保留原结构，但仍忠实于原文的意思。

③此句是以“not only⋯”连接的并列句，后半部分省略了“but also⋯”，但在译文中仍体现了出来，“谎言不仅不能提供⋯⋯，还侵犯了⋯”，这里需要注意的是否定词 not 置于句首，句子语序要倒装。“render”意为“使得⋯”。

④“Befall”意为“happen to”。在表示时间的介词短语“inthe course of their illness”后又跟了一个定语从句，从句中的两个并列谓语动词都是被动式，在译文中第一个译作了主动式，第二个仍译为被动式，这是因为“distort”所致，“distort”的主语应该是“distort”，宾语是“information”而非“patients”，现在要和前面的主语“他们（patients）”保持一致， 就把“distort”译成了“未如实地告知”，这样，“告知”的宾语便成了“patients”，和前句自然顺为一体。可见，在翻译时只要忠实于原文的意思，句式是不必照搬的。

Passage Twelve ① Perhaps the most difficult aspect of the Japanese for Westerners to comprehend is the strong orientation to collective values, particularly a collective sense of responsibility. Let me illustrate with an anecdote about a visit to a new factory in Japan owned and operated by an American electronics company. The American company, a particularly creative firm, frequently attracts attention within the business community for its novel approach to planning, organizational design, and management systems. ② As a consequence of this corporate style, the parent company determined to make a thorough study of Japanese workers and to design a plant that would combine the best of East and West. In their study they discovered that Japanese firms almost never make use of individual work incentive, such as piece—work or even individual performance appraisal tied to salary increases. They concluded that rewarding individual achievement ability is always a good thing.

In the final assembly area of their new plant, long lines hof young Japanese women wired together electronic products on a piece rate system: the more you wired, the more you got paid. About two months after opening, the head foreladies approachedthe plant manager. “Honorable plant manager”, they said humbly as they bowed, we are embarrassed to be so forward, but we must speak to you because all of the girls have threatened to quit work this Friday. "Why ", they wanted to know, "can't our plant have the same compemsation system as other Japanese companies?" "When you hire a new girl, her starting age should be fixed by her age. ③Every year on her birthday, she should receive an automatic increase in pay. The idea that any one of us can be more productive than another must be wrong because none of us in final assembly could make a thing unless all of the other people in the plant

had done their jobs right first. ④To single one person out as being more productive is wrong and is also personally humiliating to us." The company changed its compensation system to the Japanese model.

参考译文

西方人对日本人最不理解的一面可能就是他们很看重集体主义观念，特别是集体主义责任感。让我以一件轶事来说明这个问题。这件轶事是关于参观一家由美国电子公司拥有并经营的在日本的工厂。这家美国公司是一个极富创造力的公司，它经常以它新颖的规划、组织设计及管理体系而引起商界的注意。基于这种公司风格，母公司决定对日本工厂进行一次彻底研究并设计一家工厂使之将东西方的精华结合起来。在研究中他们发现，日本公司几乎从不使用个体工作奖励制，像记件制、个人表现评估，也不把评估与工资增加相联系。而他们最终认为奖励个人成果和个人能力总是件好事。

在新工厂的加工车间尾部，数长排的年轻日本女工正按记件制把电子产品缠绕在一起，绕的越多，拿的工资就越高。大约开工两个月以后，流水线上的女工负责人就找到了工厂经理。“尊敬的经理”，她们谦虚地鞠着躬说， “我们很不好意思如此真率地对您讲话，但是我们必须说，因为所有女工都威胁要在星期五辞工。”“她们想知道，为什么我们公司不能使用其他日本公司同样的付酬制度？”“当你们雇一个新女工时，她的起点工资应根据她的年龄来定，每年她生是时，她的工资自动上浮。那种认为我们中的某个人能比其他人干得更多的看法是错误的，因为要不是全厂职工都努力做好他们的工作，我们在流水线尾部的人是一件产品也生产不出来的。把某个人单独挑选出来作为更具有生产能力的人是不对的，也是对其他每个人的侮辱”。于是公司将他们的付酬制度改为日本模式。

解析①句中的“orientation”是“定向”，“位置”之意，是一个抽象名词。抽象名词在翻译时经常转译为动词词根所表示的意思，所以，在这里译成了“看重”，同时，原前面的定语形容词“strong 也相应地转译为副词“很”。“have an orientation to（towards）⋯”译为“看重⋯”如：The school has an orientation towards practical skills。这所学校看重实用技术的教学。

②这句中的定语从句如果翻译成前置定语，就略显太长，所以这里将其译为目的状语“使之将东西方的精华结合起来”，并违背原文意思，又很自然。

③原句的“she should receive an automatic increase in pay”如直译为“她会得到自动的工资增长”未免有些别扭，所以用原文的状语作主语， 译为“她的工资会自动上浮”，这样，没有拘泥于原结构，但更符合汉语的表达习惯。

④这句用了词性转换的翻译方法，形容词“humuliating”“侮辱人的”， 译成了合乎汉语习惯的“是个侮辱”，转译成了名词。同时，修饰“humuliating”的副词“personally”转译成了形容词“对每个人的”。句中的“to single one person out”是“把某人挑出来加以特殊对待”之意。如“We all did well this semester,I don't understand why our teacher singled out the monitor for praise。我们这学期都学得不错，我不明白老师为什么单单表扬了班长一个人。"

Passage Thirteen The first thing I want to insist on is that

reading should be enjoyable. ①Of course, there are many books that we all have to read, either to pass examinations or to acquire information, from which it is impossible to extract enjoyment. We are reading them for instruction, and the best we can hope is that our need for it will enable us to get through them without tedium. Such books we read with resignation rather than with alacrity. But that is not the sort of reading I have in mind. The books I shall mention in due course will help you neither to get a degree nor to earn your living, they will not teach you to sail a boat or get a stalled motor to run, but they will help you to live more fully. That, however, they cannot do unless you enjoy reading them.

Great books are the most readable. They will not let you down if you try to read them well. They have more ideas per page than most books have in their entirety. That is why you can read a great book over and over again and never exhaust its contents.

They can be read at many different levels of understanding, as well as well as with a great diversity of interpretations. Obvious examples are GULLIVER'S TRAVELS, ROBINSON CRUSOE and THE ODYSSEY. ②Children

can read them with enjoyment, but fail to find therein all the beauty and significance which delight an adult mind.

Great books are the most instructive. This follows from the fact that they are original communications; they contain whatcannot be found in other books. Whether you ultimately agree or disagree with what they say, these are the primary teachers of mankind; they have made the basic contributions to human thought.

It is almost unnecessary to add that the great books are the most influential books. In the tradition of learning, they have been most discussed by readers who have also been writers. ③These are the books about which there are many other books—countless and, for the most part, forgotten.

Great books deal with the persistently unsolved problems of human life. ④There are genuine mysteries in the world that mark the limits of human knowing and thinking. Inquiry not only begins with wonder, but usually ends with it also. Great minds acknowledge mysteries honestly. Wisdom is fortified not destroyed, by understanding its limitations.

参考译文

我要坚决主张的第一点是，读书必须是为了乐趣。自然，为了通过考试， 或是为了获得知识，我们大家都得读很多我们无法从中得到乐趣的书。我们读这些书只是为了受教育，我们最好的希望是，由于我们需要读它们，所以我们也就能读完它们而不感到厌烦。这样的书我们是无可奈何地而不是轻松愉快地去读的。可是这不是我心目中的读书。我在下面要提到的这些书，既不能帮助你获得一个学位，也不能帮助你挣钱谋生，更不能教你驾驶帆船或是把开不动的马达转动起来，可是这些书能使你生活得更丰富充实。而这一

点，要是你根本不喜欢读这些书，那是无法做到的。

名著隽永耐读。如果读法得当，你就会感到开卷有益。名著一页上的思想内容多于许多书籍的整本内容，这就是一部名著可以反复阅读，每读必有所获的道理。

名著可雅俗共赏，理解深浅程度不同，见仁见智，诠释各异。明显的例子有《格列佛游记》，《鲁滨逊漂流记》和《奥德赛》。儿童虽不能领略书中深为大人喜爱的优美文笔和深刻含义，但读起来同样津津有味。

名著最有启发教益，因为它们都有独创的见解，包含了其他书籍未见的内容。不管人们最终是否赞同书中所述，它们仍然是人类智慧的启蒙老师， 对人类思想使作出了根本性的贡献。

毋庸赘言，名著最有影响力。在学术研究的传统中。许多本人也是作家的读者，讨论研究各种名著很多，并著书发表己见，这样的书籍数不胜数， 绝大部分已被世人遗忘。

名著探讨的是人生长期未解决的问题。世界上确实存在人类知识与思维尚不能解释的奥秘。对问题的探讨不仅始于惊奇，往往也终于惊奇。伟大的思想家会坦诚地承认奥秘的存在。这种对个人局限性的认识和承认，并无损于人类智慧，反而会增长智慧。

解析①在这个“there be ”句型中，有两个定语从句，第一个是限定性定语从句，第二个是非限定性定语从句。在第一个定语从句中有用并列连词“either⋯or⋯”连接的两个不定式作目的状语。这里要注意，“there be” 句型在译成汉语时，可常常不译为“有⋯”，特别是当主语有定语来修饰时。为了合乎汉语的表达，译文把目的状语放在了句首，而把后一个非限定定语从句译作了前置定语。

②如果按照原句子结构，译为“儿童读起来津津有味，但领略不到书中深为大人所喜爱的优美文笔和深刻含义来”，这样读起来就会觉得强调的是后面的部分——“但是却领略不到⋯”，但从全文来看，说的是“何为名著”， 之所以称之为“雅俗共赏”，是因为“儿童虽不能领略到⋯，但读起来同样津津有味”，这样才忠实地表达了原意。可见，在翻译时，不一定要拘泥于原文结构，而要在理解原文的基础上，使全篇译文前后一致，不能有前后矛盾之处。

③此句的原文是很地道的英文，要表达同样的思想，中国人很难写出这样的英文，由于思维习惯上的差异，表达同样的思想，不同的民族会采用不同的表达方式。翻译时，应该按照本民族的语言习惯进行表述。译文将这句和前一句合并翻译，将两句中的被动语态都译作了主动语态，并重新选择了主语，译为“许多本人也是作家的读者，讨论研究各种名著很多，并著书发表己见，这样的书籍数不胜数，⋯⋯”，这样的译法很巧妙。只有在吃透原文的基础上，才能使译文贴切传神。

④如果把原句直译为“世界上确实存在标志着人类知识与思维局限性的奥秘”就显得生硬，且有些费解，所以将定语从句意译为“人类知识与思维尚不能解释的”，既贴切于原文，有符合汉语表达。另外，在此句译文中又采用了词性转换的方法，把原文的形容词“genuine”转译为副词“确实”。

Passage Fourteen Smoking, though very common, is very harmful to people's health. Chronic bronchitis is not the most serious illness proved to be directedly connected with cigarette smoking. ① Lung

cancer is now so closely associated with heavy smoking that cancer research organization and public health authorities throughout the world have launched intensive campaigns directed against smoking. In several countries not only are cigarette advertisements banned from cinema and television screens, but cigarette manufacturers have to print on each packet of cigarettes a warning announcing the dangers of smoking. ②A startling factor which has recently come to light is the great increase in the number of deaths from lung cancer at a time whendeaths from other types of cancer have decreased. ③The increase in deaths from lung cancer, moreover, has closely parallelled the increase in smoking this century. Statistics clearly show that among suffers from lung cancer there is a much higher proportion of smokers than non—smokers. For example, heavy smokers stand a one —in—eight chance of getting lung cancer as compared with non—smokers, who stand a one —in—three hundred chance. Moreover, the death rate for heavy smokers is much higher than that for moderate smokers.

In addition to being a possible cause of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis, smoking is harmful for several other reasons. In the first place, it has also been proved beyond all doubt that the nicotine in tobacco smoke is poisonous. One minute drop of pure nicotine injected into the bloodstream of a rat is sufficient to kill it. One table spoonful of pure nicotine will kill two hundred men. Secondly, it is known that the nicotine contained in tobacco smoke increases the pulse rate and raises the blood pressure.④Thirdly, there is strong evidence that the nicotine content in cigarettes is a primary cause of loss of appetite (hence loss of weight) in heavy smokers. Finally, in adolescents smoking is known to retard growth and reduce athletic ability.

参考译文

吸烟尽管普遍，对人的健康却是十分有害的。慢性支气管炎在已被证实的与吸烟有关的疾病中还不是最严重的，肺癌与大量吸烟关系如此密切以至于癌症研究组织和全球公众健康组织发起了一场反对吸烟的大规模运动。很多国家在电影院及电视屏幕上禁止播放香烟广告。而且香烟制造商必须在烟盒上印出吸烟有害的忠告。人们最近十分惊讶地了解到，正当其他癌症的死亡人数有所下降时，死于肺癌的人数却有很大增长，更有甚者，死于肺癌的人数与本世纪吸烟者的人数同步增加。统计数字清楚地显示出在那些得肺癌的人当中，吸烟者比例比不吸烟者要高的多。比如大吸烟者得肺癌的机率是1：8 而非吸烟者的机率是 1：30。而且大量吸烟者的死亡率也比少量吸烟者的死亡率要高的多。

除了会引起肺癌的慢性支气管炎以外，吸烟有害还有下述几个原因：首先烟草里的尼古丁已被确切证实是有毒的。一小滴纯尼古丁注射到老鼠的血液里就足以将其致死，一汤匙纯尼古丁可以使二百人丧生。其次，人们都知道烟草香烟里的尼古丁可以使脉搏加速，使血压增高。第三，有力的证据表明香烟里的尼古丁是大量吸烟者食欲不佳（因此体重减轻的）的主要原因。

最后一点要说的是，青少年吸烟会导致发育缓慢，运动能力下降。

解析①这是“so⋯that⋯”引导的结果状语从句，这里要注意，在 that 引导的结果从句中的时态是“现在完成时”，所以在译文中用了汉语特有的时间助词“了”来表示。另外，“⋯intensive cam-paigns directed against smoking”译作“大规模的反吸烟运动”，过去分词短语“directed against” 只译作一个“反”字，忠实地表达了原意，不必逐字死译。

②要想译成通顺的汉语，必须先分析句子的结构，这个句子包含了两个定语从句。“which has recently come to light ”意为“最近被人们了解到的”，整个主语可译为“一个最近被人们了解到的令人惊讶的情况”，这样多少显的得有些罗索，所以译作“人们最近惊讶地了解到”，更通顺明了。第二个定语从句是修饰时间状语的，因而译作一个时间状语从句“正当死于他癌症的人数有所下降时”，相应地，原文的表语“the great increase in the number of deaths from lung cancer ”，译为一个句子“死于肺癌的人数却有很大增长”，这样，句子结构虽作了改变，但表达得更通顺自然。

③句中的谓语动词“parallel”是“与⋯⋯平行，相似”之意，所以， 在这里译为“同步增长”。

④这个“there be”句型中包括了一个同位语从句，在翻译中，there be 通常不译出来，这样，句子就缺少了谓语动词，而汉语是多动词的语言，所以，把原文的主语“evidence”又拆出来一个动词“表明”，这样的译文既紧扣了原文的意思，又符合汉语的表达习惯。

Passage Fifteen One of the most exciting questions to which scientists are seeking an answer is , "Are there living things anywhere in the universe? Is the earth the only body in the whole enoumous universe where human beings or anything like human beings exist?"

Living things , like everything else, are made up of atoms , and these atoms are grouped into molecules.① The molecules of living things are made up of hundreds or thousands of atoms arranged in different, complicated patterns.

②If they become too hot, these complicated molecules of living things break up into their separate atoms and cease to be living. Therefore there cannot be life on the sun or any of the stars.

Living things need energy to grow or move. On earth plants and animals get their energy from the light and heat of the sun.③Therefore planets that are very far from the sun and extremely cold are not places where living things could exist.

All plants and animals can live only on planets that have a suitable atmosphere. But neither Mars nor Venus has a suitable atmosphere. It seems that there are no intelligent beings in our solar system except on the earth.

But if there are planets round the sun, why there should not be planets around other stars?④May not some of these be placed, like the earth, at just the right distance from their sun to have a suitable atmosphere and to be neither too hot nor too cold for life? Somewhere in space, millions and millions of miles away, there may be other

creatures, with brains as well-developed as ours, who are also reaching out in space to discover what else exists in this wonderful universe.

参考译文

科学家们正寻求答案的一个最令人激动的问题是，“宇宙中是否有生物存在？在无边无际的宇宙中，地球是否是人类和类似人类的其他生物赖以生存的唯一天体？”

生物和别的东西一样，是由原子组成的，而这些原子又集合成分子。生物的分子则由几百或几千个原子按各不相同的复杂的方式排列而成。

如果生物的这些复杂分子温度太高，它们就分裂成单个的原子而不复存在。因此在太阳或其他恒星上是不可能有生命存在的。

生物需要能量才能生长和运动。地球上的动植物从太阳的光和热中获取能量。因此那些远离太阳因而十分寒冷的行星不是生物所能生存的地方。

一切动植物只能在有适当大气层的行星上生存，然而不论火星上还是金星上都没有这种适宜的大气层。因此在太阳系中，看来除了在地球上以外， 是不会有智慧生物的。

但是，既然太阳周围有行星，为什么在其他恒星周围就不能有行星呢？ 难道就不可能有一些行星和地球一样，距它们自己的太阳不远不近，既有合适的大气层，又不冷不热，恰能适宜于生物生存吗？在亿万英里以外的太空中，有可能存在着智力和我们一样发达的其他生物，他们也正在太空中四处探索，想要查明在这个奇妙的宇宙中是否还存在着什么其他生命。

解析①这句中的过去分词短语“arranged in different, complicated patterns”作定语，如果按照原句子结构，可译为“生物的分子是由几百或几千个按各不相同的复杂的方式排列的原子所组成”，译文正确，但前置定语略显太长，读起来有点别扭。所以，译文将过去分词短语译作了方式状语， 而将句子的谓语“are made up of ”和过去分词“arranged”的意思合二为一，全句译作“生物的分子则由几百或几千个原子按各不相同的复杂的排列而成”，这样的译文更顺畅一些，同时和上文的过渡就更自然。

②这是一个条件状语从句，主句中的并列谓语之一“cease to be living”在这里不能直译为“停止存在”，译文将其译作“不复存在”，很达意，也很符合汉语表达习惯。

③主语的定语从句“that are very far from the sun and extremely cold”中的“and”是用来表明结果的，所以，译作了“远离太阳因而十分寒冷的行星”。又如，She was sick and took some medicine.她生病，所以吃药。

④此句中的“placed”是谓语动词，和后面的“at just the right distance”合译为“距它们自己的太阳不远不近”这又恰好和后面的不定式结果状语“to be neither too hot nor too cold”“不冷不热”译成了平行结构.翻译时，在忠实于原文的前提下，如果能使译文在句式上讲究一些工整，对仗，将更使译文增色。

Passage Sixteen You know you have to read“between the lines” to get the most out of anything.I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading.I want to persuade you to "write between the lines".Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.

You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours.Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep themclean, and you should.

①If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.

There are two ways in which one can own a book.The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture.But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.②Full ownership comes only when you have made it part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself part of it is by writing in it.An illustration may make the point clear.You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own.③But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.

There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best — sellers — unread, untouched.(This individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books.)The second has a great many books—a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.(④This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many—every one of them dogeared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(This man owns books.)

参考译文

你知道读书要“深入字里行间”，以求最充分的理解。我劝你在读书过程中做一件同样重要的事情。我想劝你“在字里行间写字”。不这样做，你的读书就不可能是最有效的。你不应该在不是你自己的书上做记号。借给你书的图书管理员（或你的朋友）希望你保持书的整洁，再说你也应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做记号颇有益处这番话是对的话，你就得买书。

一个人拥有书的方法有两种，第一种是花钱取得财产所有权，就像你花钱买衣服和家具一样。但花钱买书只是占有它的前奏。只有在你将它化为你自己的一部分之后，你才完全占有了它。而把你自己变为书的一部分的最好方法就是在书中写字。打个比方也许可以把这一点说清楚。你买下一块牛排， 把它从肉铺的冰箱里转移到你的冰箱中。但从最重要的意义上来说，你还没有占有它，除非你吃下它并将它吸收到你的血液中。我的论点是，书的营养也只有在被吸收进你的血液中时，才能对你有所裨益。

书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人藏有全部标准的成套书和畅销书—

—既没有读过，也没有碰过。（这位占有的只是纸浆和油墨，而不是书。） 第二种人藏书很多——有几本从头至尾读过，大部分浅尝辄止，但全都跟新买时一样整洁光亮。（此君很可能想使书真的为其所有，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。）第三种人藏书或多或少——因不断使用，每本书都弄成书角卷起，破旧不堪，装订破损，书面松散，全书从扉页至末页画满了记号，涂满了字句。（此人是书的真正拥有者。）

解析①当“decide”后面跟 that 从句时，意思是“断定”、“认为”；

其宾语从句“I am right about the usefulness of marking books”译作“我说的在书上做记号颇有益处这番话是对的”，译文增加了“说的⋯这番话⋯”，是为了使译文更通顺自然。在翻译时，有时可以增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词，目的是为了更忠实于原文，使译文读起来更符合汉语的表达习惯。

②这句的关键在主谓语“full ownership comes”，这样的结构不宜直接译为汉语，所以，根据原文的意思意译为“你才完全占有了它”。可见， 理解原文是翻译的前提，在这个前提下，译文不必拘泥于原文结构，而要符合汉语的表达习惯。

③“⋯not⋯until⋯”一般译作“⋯直到⋯才⋯”，但和前一句“You buy

a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own” 联系起来看，如果译作“但是直到你将其消化并吸收到血液中才在真正意义上拥有”，便显得和止文不够连贯，因为此句句首的“but”是转折连词，它在这里强调了“but you do not own the beefsteak”中的“not”的否定意味，所以译作“但从最重要的意义上来说，你还没有占有它，除非你吃下它并将它吸收到你的血液中。”

④这句中的“⋯but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance”如果直译为“但受到对书籍的外观的错误尊敬的限制”虽能使读者明白其意，但读起来显然不是通达的汉语，译文“但因错误过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前”中将原文的“false”转译为副词，同时对于它所修饰的原名词“respect”（相应地转译成了动词）重新进行了词意选择，译作“过分关注”，这样译文便更达意，更明了。

Passage Seventeen One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the invention of computers.①They are already used in industry and in universities, and the time has come when ordinary people can use them as well.Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning.They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order.Because they work accurately and at high speed, they save research workers years of hard work.②This whole process by which machines can be used to work for us has been called automation.

Some time ago an expert on automation pointed out that it was a mistake to believe that these machines could "think".There is possibility that human beings will be“controlled by machines”.As computers need detailed instructions from human beings in order to be able to operate, they can never“rule the world”by making decisions of their own.

Computers could be plugged into a national network and be used like radios.③For instance, people going on holiday could be informed about weather conditions; car drivers could be given alternative routes when there are traffic jams.It will also be possible to make tiny translating machines.This will enable people who do not share a common language to talk to each other without much difficulty or to read foreign publications.In hospitals where computers are used, diagnosis

becomes quicker and more accurate.Computers can even write out prescriptions.

④Computers are the most efficient assistants man has ever had and there seems to be no limit to the way in which they can be used to improve our lives.

参考译文

现代技术最大成就之一就是计算机的发明。计算机已在工业上和大学内得到了广泛的应用，普通人也能使用计算机的日子已经到来。计算机能在所有的学术领域进行极其复杂的工作，它们能解非常复杂的数学问题，或者把成千上万份毫不相关的资料整理得井井有条。由于计算机能精确而高速地工作，这就代替了研究人员成年累月的艰苦劳动，这种用机器来为人们工作的一整套过程，就叫做自动化。

不久以前，一位自动化专家指出，那种认为这些计算机具有“思维”能力的想法是错误的。人类绝不会“受机器操纵”。计算机需要人为它提供详尽的指令才工作，因而它绝对不可能自作主张地来“统治世界”。计算机可以接入全国性网络，而像收音机一样使用。比如，假日外出旅游的人们可以向它了解天气情况；汽车驾驶员在交通堵塞时可以向它询问别的行车路线； 同时还将有可能造出小型的翻译机器，这就使得操不同语言的人们可以不费力地相互交谈，或阅读各种外文出版物。在使用计算机的医院里，病情诊断可变得又快又准确，计算机甚至还会开处方。

计算机是人类迄今为止拥有的效率最高的助手，它可以改善我们的生活，其前景看来是无限广阔的。

解析正如前面所指出的，被动语态在科技英语中用法极其普遍，本文就有多处用了被动语态。我们前文说过，汉语中被动语态的用法远不如英语中那么广泛，所以，在翻译中，英语的被动语态多译成汉语的主动语态。在译作主动结构时，有时译作汉语的无主句，如②中的定语从句 by which machines can be used to work for us 译作“用机器来为人们工作的（整套过程）”；有时仍用原文的主语在译文中作主语，如①中的 they are already widely used in industry and in industry and in universities“计算机已在工业上和大学内得到了广泛的应用”；②中的“the whole process⋯⋯ has been called automation”—“这整套过程就叫作自动化”，以及③中的“peopole going on holiday could be informed about weather conditions; car drivers could be given alternative routes⋯”——“假日外出旅游的人们可以向它了解天气情况；汽车驾驶员可以向它询问别的行车路线”。

④中包含了一个定语从句—there seems to be no limit to the way in which they can be used to improve our lives。定语从句又是被动语态，这个被动语态仍翻译为汉语的主动结构“它可以改善我们生活”，另外，这个句子如果按照英语的结构直译成汉语，就会很不通顺，所以，把它拆开来译作“⋯⋯ 它可以改善我们生活，其前景看来是无限广阔的”。

Passage Eighteen The original radar combined twothings, as its English name RADAR showed: Radio Dection And Ranging.(Dection is finding something as the result of a search; Ranging is finding the exact distance.)

①When we are travelling along in a ship or an aeroplane at night

or in fog, we are much happier if we know that the captain of the ship, or the pilot of the plane, knows where rocks or mountain tops are, so that he can keep away from them.Until the Second World War, travellers could never have this feeling of safety, because there was no way of "seeing" dangers through fog and cloud.②But now there is "radar", a wonderful wartime invention, which has saved the lives of many thousands, both in war and in peace.

Radar is not too difficult a thing for ordinary people to understand.All of us have heard echoes: We speak in a large hall or before a wall of rock, and our voices come back to us, echoed by the hard substance which they hit.③Scientists know the speed at which sound travels, so it is possible for them to measure the distance of a wall of rock by making a loud sound and seeing how long it takes to reach the all and return to the place from which it started.

But sound travels too slowly and cannot go far enough to be useful over long distances. ④ Now it has been known for many years that wireless waves travel at very great speed; it takes them less than four seconds to go from the earth to the moon and come back.But the difficult thing is to measure the time they take to go a short distance, for example, to go from a ship to the shore, or from an aeroplane to a mountain near it.

With radar, we can“see”things at a great distance, and itshows us how far away they are, in which direction they lie, and what movements they are making.The captain of a ship can find his way between rocks and other ships, and the soldiers guarding a town can see enemy aeroplanes hundreds of miles away.

参考译文

最初的雷达正如它的英文名称“雷达”（RADAR—Radio Dection and Ranging）所表示的那样，包括两个方面：无线电测物和测距。（无线电测物是指靠搜索发现目标，而无线电测距是指测出目标的确切距离）。

当我们乘船或飞机在夜里或雾中旅行时，如果我们知道船长或飞行员熟悉礁石或山顶的位置，从而能及时避开的话，我们会感到十分欣慰。在第二次世界大战之前，旅客们从来不曾有过这种安全感，因为那时尚无透过云雾“看见”危险的方法。但现在有“雷达”了，而且这是一项很出色的战时的发明，它不论在战争时期还是和平时期，都拯救了成千上万人的生命。

雷达对于普遍人来说也不是难以理解的东西。大家都听到过回声：当我们在一个大厅里或是在一堵石壁前面说话时，我们的声音碰到坚硬的物质便发出回声，而这个回声也会传到我们耳朵里来。科学家知道声音传播的速度， 因此，只要发出一个宏亮的声音，就可以根据这个声音传到石壁再返回原地所需要的时间，测出石壁的距离。

但声音传播得太慢，而且又传播不远，因而距离一远就没有用处了。多年来，大家都知道无线电波传播非常迅速，它从地球传到月球再返回地球所需的时间不到四秒钟。但是要测量它传播一个短距离，比如说，从一艘船到海岸或是从一架飞机到附近一座山峰所需的时间，可就困难了。

有了雷达，我们就能够“看到”距离很远的物体，它能告诉我们这些物体有多远，在哪个方向，以及它们做什么样的运动。船长能够在礁石和其它船只之间找出航道。而守卫着城市的士兵则能看到几百英里以外的敌机。

解析①这是一个多层复合句，主句中又包含了宾语从句，宾语从句中又套了一个宾语从句，而在这后一个宾语从句中又含了一个“so that”引导的目的状语从句，碰到这类复杂句时，首先要把句子结构分析清楚，再按照内在的逻辑关系，把它们译成汉语，必要时还可以调整句子结构。

②这是一个简单的“there be”句型，主语“radar”有一个同位语“a wonderful wartime invention”和一个非限定性定语从句，翻译时基本采用了顺译法，将其中的同位语前增加了“而且”二字，把原文内含的意思表达了出来。另外。由于定语从句较长，不适于译为前置定语，所以，将其译成了一个并列分句。

③这句的关键在方式状语短语“by making a loud sound and seeing how long it takes to reach the wall and return to the place from which it started”如果直译为“通过发出一个宏亮的声音，来看看这个声音传到石壁再返回原地所需要的时间”虽达意，但略显生硬，所以把第一个分词独立出来译作“只要发出一个宏亮的声音”，后一个分词短语仍译作方式状语“根据这个声音传到石壁再返回原地所需要的时间”，这样处理既忠实于原文， 又表达得通顺。

④“It is well known that⋯”句型译成汉语时常常通过将原文中的主语译成宾语，同时增补泛指性的词语（人们、大家等）作主语来译成汉语的主动语态，故此句译为“多年来，大家都知道无线电波传播非常迅速⋯”， 类似的结构还有：“It is asserted that⋯”（有人主张⋯）；“It will be said⋯”（有人会说⋯）；“It is believed that⋯”（有人认为⋯）等。

Passage Nineteen Today more and more people in the U.S. are using credit cards instead of money to buy the things theyneed.Almost anyone who has a steady income and a continuous work record can apply for a credit card.

①If you have a credit card, you can buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip, and even get a haircut by charging the cost to your account.In this way you can pay for purchases a month or two later, without any extra charge.Or you may choose to spread out your payments over several months and pay only part of the total amount each month.If you do this, the credit company or the bank who sponsors the credit cards will add a small service charge to your total bill.This is very convenient for the customer.With the credit card in your wallet or purse, you don't have to carry much cash.② This saves you trips to the bank to cash checks or withdraw cash.Also if you carry credit cards instead of a lot of cash, you don't have to be concerned about losing your money through carelessness or theft.The card user only has to worry about paying the final bill.③This of course can be a problem if you charge more than you can pay for.

Credit card companies make a profit from the fees they charge the store and also from the fees collected from customers who pay for their

charges in monthly installments.However, credit card companies sometimes have problems collecting overdue payments from unreliable customers.④Also, the uses of stolen, lost, or counterfeit credit cards by criminals has become a big headache for the credit card company that is responsible for the goods and services illegally charged to it's customers' account.

参考译文

今天，越来越多的美国人不用货币，而用信用卡购买他们所需要的物品。几乎每个有固定收入和有持续不断工作的证据的人都可以申请信用卡。

如果你有了信用卡，便能以记账的方式购卡、进餐、游泳甚至理发。这样你就可以在一两个月后交付货款而无须另加费用。要不你就分几个月付款，每月只交其中的一部分。你要是这么办，那么经办信用卡的公司或银行便会往你的总额里多加一笔小额的佣金。这种办法对用户来说，真是太方便了。钱包里有了信用卡，你就不必携带许多现金。这也省得你来回跑银行兑支票或取现金，还有，如果你携带信用卡而不是大笔现款，也就不必担因为不慎或遇窃而丧失钱财。信用卡的使用者只须为最后付清账单而劳神。要是用度大于支付能力，这当是个问题。

信用卡公司从商店的缴费以及从客户按月交付的款项中获取利润。然而，信用卡公司有时也有麻烦，得向不牢靠的客户索取愈期未交的款项，而且，还有犯罪分子使用盗得失主的或伪造的信用卡的问题，这些事情真叫信用卡公司大伤脑筋，因为客户的账目中如果出现非法记入的商品和劳务支付，公司就得承提全部责任。

解析①此句的介词短语“by charging the cost to your account”是方式状语，译文中置于谓语动词的前面，“以记账的方式购车、进餐⋯⋯”。

②这句是采用词性转换译法的典型例子，如果把句子的“trips”仍译为名词“旅行”，就会显得很生硬，所以转译为动词“跑”——这也省得你来回跑银行兑支票或取现金。

③“charge more than you can pay for”中的‘charge’意为‘记账’， 这里是指用信用卡支付，所以按照意思表达为“用度大于支付能力”。

④这个长句的难点在于其中的定语从句，因为定语从句中又含了一个作定语的过去分词短语，定语太长，不宜译作前置定语，故将其独立成句置于句末。又因为定语从句中的过去分词短语在这里有假设的意味在内，所以， 在翻译时用了相应的汉语词“如果”，将其译作“如果出现非法记入的商品和劳务支付”。

Passage Twenty Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many resaons.The first, as mentioned above, is the no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world①.Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.

Foreign trade also occurs because a country does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.②Although the United States

is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.

Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.it is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.③According to economic theory, Japan should produce and export those items from which it derives a comparative advantage.It should also buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style.

④Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because thereis a market for them in the united states.

参考译文

对外贸易的存在，即国家之间商品交换的存在，其原因很多。首先，如上所述，任何国家都不可能拥有它所需要的一切商品。原料广泛分布于世界各地。国内缺乏上述资源的国家必须向出口国购买。

对外贸易存在的另一个原因是，一个国家生产的某种商品的数量往往不能满足它自身的需求。虽然美国必须进口食糖。

第三，有的国家能够出售比别国生产成本低的某些商品。日本之所以能够出口大量的飞机和电视机，是因为日本的生产效率高于别国。对于美国来说，进口日本货要比自己生产合算。根据经济理论，日本应该生产和出口那些自己需要的、别国也因生产费用较低而获利的产品。

最后，产品的设计或式样各不相同，也是产生对外贸易的原因。尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车， 主要是因为美国市场上有这种需要。

解析①此句为并列句，并更的三个谓语动词都用了被动语态（mined, mined 和 recovered)，翻译时都译作了主动语态——秘鲁和扎伊尔采掘大铜矿，非出产钻石，中东开采石油。英语的被动语态在译成汉语时多用主动语态来表达，具体情况详见第三章英译汉技巧中“被动语态的译法”一节。

②这是一个让步状语从句，主句中用了比较结构“it consumes more than it can produce internally⋯”，如果直译为“在国内它消费得要比生产得多⋯”虽然也表达了原文的意思，但不十分符合汉语的表达习惯，所以，翻译时采用了“词性转换”的方法，将其中的动词“consume”和“produce” 转译为名词“消费呈量”和“生产量”。

③句中包含了一个定语从句“from which it derives a comparative advatage”如果直译为“可以从中获得比较利润的（产品）”就表达得不太明确，所以，为了更忠实地表达原文，在译文中用了“增词”的手段，译作“因生产费用较低而获利的（产品）”。

④“even though”在句中引导了让步状语从句，从句中的“ produces more automobiles than any other country”没有直译为“比任何国家生产的汽车都多”，而是译为更符合汉语表达习惯的“⋯汽车产量居世界首位”。

Passage Twenty-one An"apple-polisher"is one who gives gifts or uses flattery to excess to win friendship or special treatmnt. It is not exactly a bribe ,but it is close to it.

"Apple polishing"is as old as human society, but the phrase itself is recent, about fifty years old. It comes from the school-room. For a long time, some schoolboys would leave a shiny apple on a teacher's desk.

They would rub and polish the apple to give it a bright shine, to make it look more tasty. Such a gift, the student hoped, might make the teacher shut her eyes to his poor work and give him a good mark. Many people are apple polishers. Politicians and people in high offices often use the technique, as do ambitious subordinates who wish

to rise in position, thanks to the favor of a superior.

There are other phrases that give the same meaning as "apple polishing". One is "soft-soaping";another is "buttering up".

All these phrases imply the use of flattery-telling someone how good he looks, how well he speaks, or how talented and wise he is. In English, these are all terms of mild opprobrium when directed at the flatterer.

Flattery is the cheapest form of "apple polishing". To flatter costs nothing, and you can give it as freely as necessary. A flatterer can always find somebody eager for flattery.

参考译文 “擦苹果的人”是指利用送礼或过分阿谀奉承为手段来获取友谊或特殊

待遇的人。确切地说，它虽不是贿赂，但也相去不远。 “擦苹果”这种事情自有人类社会以来就存在于世，但这一用语本身却

很新，大约只有五十年的历史。这一短语最早来源于学校的教室。有很长一段时间，一些学生总在老师的讲桌上放置一只晶莹发亮的苹果。

他们把苹果擦得锃亮，使它显得更加美味可口。学生希望这样的礼物会使老师不顾他的低劣作业而给他打高分。

许多人是擦苹果的人。政客们和高官厚禄的人往往利用这种手段，那些野心勃勃、企图得到上极青睐而向上爬的人也往往利用这种手段。

还有和“擦苹果”一词意义相同的其他词语。一个是“抹软肥皂”；另一个是“涂黄油”。送礼就是给某人“抹软肥皂”或“涂黄油”的一咱手段。所有这些词语都是指利用阿谀奉承的手段，告诉别人说他长得多么漂亮，谈吐多么动听，多有天资和才智。在英语中，当人们形容那些善于拍马屁的时， 这些都是温和的贬义词。

阿谀奉承是一种最廉价的“擦苹果”的方式。拍马屁、说讨好活不费吹灰之力，需要多少你可以说多少，而且拍马屁的人总能找到渴望别人恭维的人。

Passage Twenty-two Money is not only a means of exchange but is also a means of measuring the value of men's labour. In economic theory, 'labour' is any work undertaken in return for a fixed payment. The work undertaken by a mother in caring for her children may be hard work,

but it receives no fixed payment. It is not therefore labour in the strict economic sense.

As a scientist, the economist is interested in measuring the services which people render to each other. Although he is aware of the services which people provide for no financial reward, he is not concerned with these services. He is interested essentially in services which are measurable in terms of money payments of a fixed and or regular nature. In economics, money is the standard by which the value of things is judged. This standard is not a religious or subjective standard, but an objective and scientific one.

human labour produces both goods and services. The activities of a farmworker and nurse are very different, but both are measurable in terms of payment received. Labour in this sense is not concerned with distinctions of social class, but simply with the payment of wages in return for work. When we talk about 'the national labour force',however,we are thinking of all those people who are available for work within the nation, I. e. the working population.

参考译文

货币不但是交换手段，而且还是衡量人们劳动价值的手段。在经济理论上，“劳动”是为换取固定报酬而从事的任何工作。母亲照料自己孩子的工作也许是辛苦的，但这种工作得不到固定的报酬，所以从严格的经济意义上来说并不是劳动。

作为一个科学工作者，经济学家所注意的是如何衡量人们互相提供的服务。尽管他知道有不为任何金钱报酬提供的服务，但他对这种服务并不关心。他只要注意那些能用固定数额、定期支付的货币来衡量的服务。在经济学里， 货币是评定各种事物价值的标准。这不是宗教的或主观的标准，而是客观的和科学的标准。

人类的劳动既生产商品，也提供服务。农业工人和护士所做的事情差别很大，但都可用所得的报酬来衡量。从这个意义上来讲，劳动与社会的阶级差别无关，而只和酬劳工作的工资报偿有关。然而，当我们谈论“全国的劳动力”时，我们想到的是全国所有能参加劳动的人，即劳动人口。

Passage Twenty-three There is a strong religious influence in American life, but it is characterized by a diversity of belief, a concern withe improving conditions of present-day society, and a seperation of church and state which allows freedom of worship in which this deversity can flourish.

The religious life in the united States shows a diversity of practice. There are three aspects, however, that are perhaps most characteristic of the country and that most often receive comment by foreign visitors. First is the wide variety of denominations and the attitude if permissiveness and tolerance that exists among them. Nowhere else is there such a diversity.

The reason for this diversity can be found in the history of the country. the various national groups that settled in the United States

brought their own religions with them. More than twenty different Lutheran groups may be identified, many of which are separated on the basis of language. Many groups of settlers came in order to have their own particular form of religion, and a number of offshoots of European churches are represented in America.The American environment stimulated the practice of religious independence.The historic American belief in individuality and American dislike of being regimented fostered denominationalism.

参考译文

在美国人的生活中，宗教的影响很深，但它的特征是：信仰多样化，关心改进当前的社会状况，政教分离。正是由于政教分离，才有信仰自由，从而各种各样的教派才得以蓬勃发展。

美国的宗教生活有多种多样的方式。然而有三个方面也许最能说明这个国家的特色，也最常引起国外来访者的评论。首先是种类繁多的宗教派别， 以及它们之间所采取的忍让态度。其他任何地方都没有这种多样性。

之所以有这么多的宗教派别，其原因可以人这个国家的历史中找到。不同的民族集团移居美国时也把他们的宗教随着带来了。可以查明的不同的路德会教派就有二十多个，其中有许多是根据语言而自成一派的。许多移民团体是为了保持他们特殊的宗教信仰才来美国定居的，这样就使欧洲许多教派的分支在美国都有了代表。美国的环境促进了宗教方面独立性的惯常做法。美国人历来主张尊重个性，不喜欢受严密的组织约束也助长了成立许多宗教派别的倾向。

Passage Twenty-four You've had no symptoms, no pain, so sense of being sick.Yet, after wrapping a flexible cuff around your arm and pumping it up, your doctor frowns and gives you the bad news: you are one of the roughly 60 million Americans who have high blood pressure. Because it can lurk in the body without your knowing it, high blood pressure has been called the silent killer.It's theleading cause of

strokers and a major factor in heart attacks to kidney failure.

The good news is that thanks to an explosion of research, science now knows how to defuse the danger and control the disease.Depending on how high your pressure is, how you live and what changes you're willing to make in your lifestyle, treatment can be tailored specifically to you.

It is generally thought that salt is a culprit in this disease and many doctors prescribe a low—salt diet.They encourage cooking without salt, banning the salt shaker from the dinner table and avoiding smoked meats, potato chips and other highly salted foods.

Most doctors also advise cutting down on coffee and tobaco, because caffeine and nicotine are stimulants, and limiting alcohol intake.Many physicians urge outdoor exercise, including brisk walking, biking, swimming or jogging, which helps you with long term weight control and daily stress.

Relaxation Therapy.If you read the previous sentence out loud,

your blood pressure will go up.If you talk to another person, it will go still higher.If the conversation is with your boss, your pressure will go even higher.If you speak to someone of the opposite sex, your pressure may show less change if you're married than if you're single.

Dozens of times each day, your blood pressure zigzags, adjusting to what you're feeling and doing.These ups and downs take place in everyone, but the swings are more severe in people with high blood pressure.That discovery is the basis for the newest therapy: controlling blood pressure by learning techniques to control everyday stress.

参考译文

你没有症状，没有疼痛，没有生病的感觉。然而在医生把一条活动的袖带缠住你的手臂并用气泵压气之后，他却皱着眉头告诉你一条坏消息：你是大约六千万患高血压的美国人中的一员了。

高血压能潜伏在人体而不为人所知，所以它被称作无声的杀手。它是中风的主要原因，是引起心脏病发作和肾功能衰竭的主要因素。

值得庆幸的是，由于进行了大量的研究工作，科学研究现已知道怎样预防危险并控制该病。依据你的血压高度，你的生活方式以及你愿意在生活方式上作些什么改变，可以为你拟出特定的治疗方案。

一般认为食盐是这种病的原因，于是许多医生建议低盐饮食。他们提倡无盐烹调，把盐从餐桌上拿开，并且不吃熏肉、油炸土豆片和其他高盐食品。

大多数医生也建议少喝咖啡、少吸烟，因为咖啡因和尼古丁是刺激物质， 还要限制酒精摄入量。很多医生鼓励户外活动，包括轻松的散步，骑自行车， 游泳或者慢跑。这些能帮助你长期控制体重，克服日常紧张情绪。

放松疗法。如果你把前面的句子读出来，你的血压就会升高。如果你和另外一个人谈话，血压升得更高。如果同你的老板交谈，血压升得还要高。同异性变话，结了婚的比单身的血压变化要小些。

随着你感情的变化以及所做的事情的不同，你的血压每天升升降降几十次。这些变化发生在每一个人身上，但在高血压患者身上表现尤为剧烈。这一发现就是此种疗法的基础：靠学会控制日常紧张情绪的办法控制血压。

Passage Twenty-five On the list of important human needs is a sense of belonging.That means the child knows he is part of a family, of a community and that he or she fits in.After belonging comes the need for love, then the need for self-esteem and finally the need for self-actualization.The need for love from parents, family, friends, and others is so very basic it includes all others.Persons who do not feel loved suffer many problems in their lives.They get angry, sometimes violent with others, or else they become very cold and unfeeling people since they do not know how to give or receive love. Self-esteem means you respect yourself and your own worth.Self-actualization is, according to Maslow, the ultimate achievement of mature human beings.It means you have learned to give and receive love, you know you belong in a group,.you respect yourself

and others, and you wish to share with others.

Well, what has this to do with values? It has a great deal to do with values since we come to our values throughout life as result of how we have responded to our basic human needs such as those just mentioned.For example, why did Americans place family security first on their list of values? Partly because they know, as you do, that without physical comfort and love and the sense of belonging a family provides its children, we cannot become healthy adults.If we feel comfortable with ourselves and others it means we can trust them and that trust we learned, or should have learned, at home in our families.

The second value on the American list is a world at peace which is an extension of what we have just said about a family at peace and proveding love, security and a sense of belonging.Allof these very basic feelings stay with us all our lives and affect how we behave as well as how we think about many problems.

参考译文

在人类各项重要的需要中是依属感，就是说孩子需要知道他是家庭的一部分，是他所属的社会集团的一分之。依属感之后继之而来的是爱的需要， 再就是自尊的需要，最后是自我实现的需要。需要父母、家庭、朋友以及他人的爱是最基本的，它无所不包。感受不到为人所爱的人，生活中有许多问题使他痛苦烦恼。他生气，有时对人凶暴，要不就变得十分冷漠，毫无感情， 因为他不知道如何爱人，也不懂得如何接受别人的爱。

自尊是对自己和自己价值的尊重。按马斯洛的说法，自我实现是成熟的人的最高成就，它指得是你学会爱别人和被别人爱，你知道自己是属于集团的，你尊重自己，也尊重他人，希望和大家苦乐共享。

那么这与价值标准有什么关系呢？关系大得很，因为我们一生之中自始至终是通过对刚才提到的那些人类的基本需要所作的反应来决定我们的价值标准的。例如为什么美国人把身家安全放在价值标准的第一位？部分的原因是，美国人知道，正像您知道那样，没有家庭给予的物质的上舒适、爱与依属感，他们就不能健康地成长。倘若我们感到自身和他人相处十分和谐，这就意味着我们能够信赖他们，而这种信赖我们在自己的家庭里就已经学会了或应该已经学会了。

美国价值标准的第二项是和平的世界，这是我们刚才说过的一个充满爱、安全而又给人以依属感的和睦家庭的延伸。所有这些基本而又基本的感情与我们同生共灭，影响我们对许多问题的看法和我们的行为。

Passage Twenty-six The newest wrinkle in the old game of courtship is match-making by computer.It goes somethinglike this: a young man lists in a "data-bank" what he most desires in a prospective female companion and supplies information about his own characteristics.The computer compares the qualities and interests desired against those of an inventory of candidates who have also put themselves on file.After some adjustment and compromise, our young man is presented with the name, address and telephone number of a "Miss Just-Right-and-very-nice-too." Since electronic match-making is not quite yet an exact science, he may also be informed of a few

alternates ⋯in case something goes wrong and he doesn't quite hit it off with Miss Just-Right.

The fact that many "computerized introduction services" are pretty much fly-by-night operations does not mean that computer match-making is unworkable in principle.If marital fecility can be accurately defined, then it would seem that a compatible marriage partner would more likely be found among the thousands of candidates to which a computer could refer than among the handful that any one person could ever meet face to face.

参考译文

在旧的求婚方式中，最近出现了一个创新的办法，那就是由计算机做媒。情况大致是这样：一个年轻小伙子把他对未来的女性伴侣最合乎心意的要求输入“数据库”，并提供有关他自己的一些特征信息。计算机把他所希求的品质和爱好同那些已将个人情况存入档的若干候选人的表格所开列的品质和爱好加以比较。经过一番调整和折中考虑，计算机给我们这个年轻人提供一位“非常合适且人才出众的小姐”的姓名、地址和电话号码。由于计算机做媒还不完全是一门精确的科学，他还可以得到关于几位候选人的信息⋯⋯如果发生什么差错，或他不很中意的话。

许多“计算机化的婚姻介绍机构”的业务可靠性不强，但这一事实并不意味着计算机做媒在原则上是行不通的。如果我们能够给美满婚姻下个确切的定义，那么计算机从几千名候选人当中挑选出来的婚姻伴侣，似乎要比任何个人从他亲自接触到的为数不多的人当中挑选出来的更为合适。