APPENDIX I

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SUMERIAN, SEMITIC-BABYLONIAN, HELLENISTIC, AND

HEBREW VERSIONS OF CREATION, ANTEDILUVIAN HISTORY, AND THE DELUGE

N.B.--Parallels with the new Sumerian Version are in upper-case. Sumerian Version. Seven Tablets Gilgamesh Epic, XI

Berossus['Damscius] Earlier Heb. (J) Later Heb. (P) [No heaven or earth No heaven or earth Darkness and water Creation of earth Earth without form First Creation from Primaeval water- [Primaeval water- and heaven and void; darkness primaeval water gods: Aps*-Tiamat, gods: {'Apason- No plant or herb on face of /teh 鬽 /, without conflict; Mummu Tauthe},

{Moumis} Ground watered by the primaeval water cf. Later Sum. Ver.

Generation of: Generation of: mist (or flood) Divine spirit moving Lakhmu-Lakhamu {Lakhos-Lakhe} [cf. Sumerian (hovering, brooding) Anshar-Kishar {'Assoros-Kissare} irrigation myth of upon face of waters Creation]

The great gods: Birth of great gods: Birth of great gods: ANU, ENLIL, ENKI, ANU, Nudimmud (=EA) {'Anos, 'Illinos, and Ninkharsagga, Aps* and Tiamat 'Aos, 'Aois-Lauke, creating deities revolt Belos] Conquest of Tiamat Conquest of {'Omorka}, Creation of light by Marduk as Sun- or

{Thamte}, by god {Belos} Creation of covering Creation of heaven and Creation of firmament, for heaven from earth from two halves or heaven, to divide half of Tiamat's of body of Thamte waters; followed by body, to keep her emergence of land waters in place Creation of vegetation Creation of luminaries Creation of luminaries Creation of luminaries [Creation of (probable order) Creation of animals vegetation]

REASON FOR MAN'S REASON FOR MAN'S CREATION: worship

of CREATION: worship of gods gods Creation of MAN Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN in Creator's blood and Creator's blood and dust and Creator's image of Creator, to from bone from earth breath of life have dominion Creation of

ANIMALS [Creation of animals] Creation of ANIMALS Creation of vegetation Hymn on Seventh Tablet able to bear the air ANIMALS, and woman Rest on Seventh Day

Creation of KINGDOM 10 Antediluvian KINGS The line of Cain Antediluvian 5 ANTEDILUVIAN CITIES: Antediluvian city: 3 ANTEDILUVIAN CITIES: The Nephilim [cf. patriarchs [cf. Eridu, Bad.., LARAK, SHURUPPAK Babylon, SIPPAR, Sumerian Dynastic Sumerian Dynastic SIPPAR, SHURUPPAK LARANKHA List] List]

Gods decree MANKIND'S Gods decree flood, Destruction of MAN Destruction of all destruction by flood, goddess ISHTAR decreed, because of flesh decreed, because NINTU protesting protesting his wickedness of its corruption

ZIUSUDU, hero of UT-NAPISHTIM, hero {Xisouthros} Noah, hero of Deluge Noah, hero of Deluge Deluge, KING and of Deluge (=Khasisatra), hero priest of Deluge, KING

Ziusudu's PIETY Noah's FAVOUR Noah's RIGHTEOUSNESS WARNING of Ziusudu by WARNING of Ut-nap- WARNING of Xisuthros WARNING of Noah, and Enki in DREAM ishtim by Ea in DREAM by Kronos in DREAM instructions for ark

Ziusudu's vessel a SHIP: 120x120x120 Size of SHIP: 5x2 Instructions to enter Size of ARK: 300x50x30 HUGE SHIP cubits; 7 stories; 9 stadia ark cubits; 3 stories divisions

All kinds of animals All kinds of animals 7(x2) clean, 2 unclean 2 of all animals

Flood and STORM for 7 FLOOD from heavy rain FLOOD FLOOD from rain for 40 FLOOD; founts. of deep days and STORM for 6 days days and rain, 150 days

Ship on Mt. Nisir Ark on Ararat

Abatement of waters Abatement of waters Abatement of waters Abatement of waters tested by birds tested by birds tested by birds through drying wind

SACRIFICE to Sun-god SACRIFICE with sweet SACRIFICE to gods, SACRIFICE with sweet Landing from ark [after in ship savour on mountain after landing and savour after landing year (+10 days)] paying

adoration to EARTH

Anu and Enlil appeased Ea's protest to ENLIL APOTHEOSIS of X., Divine promise to Noah Divine covenant not [by "Heaven and Earth"] IMMORTALITY of Ut-nap- wife, daughter, and not again to curse again to destroy EARTH IMMORTALITY of Ziusudu ishtim and his wife pilot the GROUND by flood; bow as sign

APPENDIX II

THE ANTEDILUVIAN KINGS OF BEROSSUS AND THE SUMERIAN DYNASTIC LIST

It may be of assistance to the reader to repeat in tabular form the equivalents to the mythical kings of Berossus which are briefly discussed in Lecture I. In the following table the two new equations, obtained from the earliest section of the Sumerian Dynastic List, are in upper-case.[1] The established equations to other names are in normal case, while those for which we should possibly seek other equivalents are enclosed within brackets.[2] Aruru has not been included as a possible equivalent for

{'Aloros}.[3]

{'Aloros} 2. {'Alaparos [? 'Adaparos]}, /Alaporus/, /Alapaurus/
[Adapa] 3. {'Amelon, 'Amillaros}, /Almelon/ [Am 阬 u] 4. {'Ammenon} ENMENUNNA 5. {Megalaros, Megalanos}, /Amegalarus/ 6. {Daonos, Daos} ETANA 7. {Euedorakhos, Euedoreskhos}, /Edoranchus/ Enmeduranki 8. {'Amemphinos}, /Amemphsinus/ [Am 阬 -Sin] 9.

{'Otiartes [? 'Opartes]} [Ubar-Tutu] 10. {Xisouthros, Sisouthros, Sisithros} Khasisatra, Atrakhasis[4]

For the royal names of Berossus, see /Euseb. chron. lib. pri./, ed.

Schoene, cols. 7 f., 31 ff. The latinized variants correspond to forms in the Armenian translation of Eusebius.
For the principal discussions of equivalents, see Hommel, /Proc.

Soc. Bibl. Arch./, Vol. XV (1893), pp. 243 ff., and /Die altorientalischen Denkm 鋖 er und das Alte Testament/ (1902), pp. 23 ff.; Zimmern, /Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament/, 3rd ed. (1902), pp. 531 ff.; and cf. Lenormant, /Les origines de l'histoire/, I (1880), pp. 214 ff. See also Driver, /Genesis/, 10th ed. (1916), p. 80 f.; Skinner, /Genesis/, p. 137 f.;

Ball, /Genesis/, p. 50; and Gordon, /Early Traditions of Genesis/, pp. 46 ff.

There is a suggested equation of Lal-ur-alimma with {'Aloros}.
The hundred and twenty "sars", or 432,000 years assigned by Berossus

for the duration of the Antediluvian dynasty, are distributed as follows among the ten kings; the numbers are given below first in "sars", followed by their equivalents in years within brackets: 1. Ten "sars" (36,000); 2. Three (10,800); 3. Thirteen (46,800); 4. Twelve (43,200); 5. Eighteen (64,800); 6. Ten (36,000); 7. Eighteen (64,800); 8. Ten (36,000); 9. Eight (28,800); 10. Eighteen (64,800).

For comparison with Berossus it may be useful to abstract from the Sumerian Dynastic List the royal names occurring in the earliest extant dynasties. They are given below with variant forms from duplicate copies of the list, and against each is added the number of years its owner is recorded to have ruled. The figures giving the total duration of each dynasty, either in the summaries or under the separate reigns, are sometimes not completely preserved; in such cases an x is added to the total of the figures still legible. Except in those cases referred to in the foot-notes, all the names are written in the Sumerian lists without the determinative for "god".

KINGDOM OF KISH (23 kings; 18,000 + x years, 3 months, 3 days)

. . .[1] 8. [. . .] 900(?) years 9. Galumum, Kalumum 900 " 10. Zugagib,

Zugakib 830 " 11. Arpi, Arpiu, Arbum 720 " 12. Etana[2] 635 (or 625)

years 13. Pili . . .[3] 410 years 14. Enmenunna, Enmennunna[4] 611 " 15. Melamkish 900 " 16. Barsalnunna 1,200 " 17. Mesza[. . .] [. . .] " . . .[5] 22. . . . 900 years 23 625 "

KINGDOM OF EANNA (ERECH)[6] (About 10-12 kings; 2,171 + x

years)

1. Meskingasher 325 years 2. Enmerkar 420 " 3. Lugalbanda[7] 1,200 " 4. Dumuzi[8] (i.e. Tammuz) 100 " 5. Gishbilgames[9] (i.e. Gilgamesh) 126 (or 186) years 6. [. . .]lugal [. . .] years [10]

KINGDOM OF UR (4 kings; 171 years)

1. Mesannipada 80 years 2. Meskiagnunna 30 " 3. Elu[. . .] 25 " 4. Balu[. ] 36 "

KINGDOM OF AWAN (3 kings; 356 years) [11]

Gap of seven, or possibly eight, names.
The name Etana is written in the lists with and without the

determinative for "god".
The reading of the last sign in the name is unknown. A variant form

of the name possibly begins with Bali.
This form is given on a fragment of a late Assyrian copy of the

list; cf. /Studies in Eastern History/, Vol. III, p. 143.
Gap of four, or possibly three, names.
Eanna was the great temple of Erech. In the Second Column of the

list "the kingdom" is recorded to have passed from Kish to Eanna, but the latter name does not occur in the summary.
The name Lugalbanda is written in the lists with and without the

determinative for "god".
The name Dumuzi is written in the list with the determinative for

"god".
The name Gishbilgames is written in the list with the determinative

for "god".
Gap of about four, five, or six kings.
Wanting.

At this point a great gap occurs in our principal list. The names of some of the missing "kingdoms" may be inferred from the summaries, but their relative order is uncertain. Of two of them we know the duration, a second Kingdom of Ur containing four kings and lasting for a hundred and eight years, and another kingdom, the name of which is not preserved, consisting of only one king who ruled for seven years. The dynastic succession only again becomes assured with the opening of the Dynastic chronicle published by P 鑢 e Scheil and recently acquired by the British Museum. It will be noted that with the Kingdom of Ur the separate reigns last for decades and not hundreds of years each, so that we here seem to approach genuine tradition, though the Kingdom of Awan makes a partial reversion to myth so far as its duration is concerned. The two suggested equations with Antediluvian kings of Berossus both occur in the earliest Kingdom of Kish and lie well within the Sumerian mythical period. The second of the rulers concerned, Enmenunna (Ammenon), is placed in

Sumerian tradition several thousand years before the reputed succession of the gods Lugalbanda and Tammuz and of the national hero Gilgamesh to the throne of Erech. In the first lecture some remarkable points of general resemblance have already been pointed out between Hebrew and Sumerian traditions of these early ages of the world. End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of LEGENDS OF BABYLON AND EGYPT